Transport project appraisal in the European Union

This paper reviews transport appraisal methods in use in the countries of the European Union. A key element of the paper is an examination of the range of costs and benefits included in appraisal and the degree of consensus on their measurement and valuation. There is a strong consensus on the treatment of a number of direct impacts, where monetary valuation and inclusion in cost benefit analysis is usual. There is less agreement on the treatment of the environmental and social impacts. Recent developments are in the direction of comprehensive multi-modal approaches and a greater use of multi-criteria analysis.     

A review of Short Sea Shipping policy in the European Union

Short Sea Shipping (SSS) has attracted a lot of attention in the European Union in the last 15 years. It is considered as a mode favoured to alleviate road congestion. Alas, promises have not been met and cargo transfers have not reached their objectives yet, despite strong financial will and a programme for modal shift implemented by the European Union (EU). The hypothesis raised by this paper is that Short Sea Shipping has not been well defined in the EU and market potential for modal shift from land to sea has been overestimated. Therefore, this has a great impact for policy-making. Studies have covered many topics such as its implementation using case studies, cost-benefit analysis compared to land-transport modes, general European shipping policy and its environmental contribution. Therefore, little has been written on the role of public institutions in its implementation and no critical assessment of the success of supporting public programme in the EU has been done. This paper explains how the lack of a final definition has led to misadapted public policies favouring modal transfer in the EU and how misknowledge of SSS markets has led to the overestimation of the modal shift potential.     

综合运输通道内旅客运输方式替代性分析

为了定量分析区域综合运输通道内旅客运输方式的替代性,从运输产品的经济性、快速性、方便性、安全性、舒适性5个特性入手,利用集对分析原理建立替代性模型,按照效益型产品特性和成本型产品特性,经过多因素综合处理后,将联系度转化为替代度,分别表示运输方式间可替代程度、不可替代程度和不能确定程度。最后,通过算例分析模型的应用。     

Transport metabolism, social diversity and equity: The case of São Paulo, Brazil

The movement of people in space implies the consumption of resources such as time, space, money and energy, as well as the production of negative externalities such as accidents, pollution and congestion. Some of these effects have been analyzed on an aggregate level by comparing regions in the world, a set of selected cities and different geographical areas in a particular city. The analysis of data on a more disaggregate level that considers the differences in the cause and continuance of negative transport externalities among social classes and groups living in a particular city in the developing world is rare.This paper uses the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) 1997 origin–destination (OD) survey to investigate such phenomenon by taking advantage of the fact that data are divided according to six levels of household income. Results refer to mobility patterns in workable days.The main conclusions are that although people at the lowest income level spend a high share of their income on transport, they have a very low overall mobility and contribute almost nothing to transport externalities. At the other extreme, the two highest income groups that use cars intensively invest much more time, space and money to travel around and so contribute to transport externalities 8.4–15.2 times more than the lowest income group. Such large differences challenge current transport policies in developing countries and call both for a reassessment of assumptions and principles as well as for opposition to the propagation of myths that have sustained such inequitable policies.     

Transport infrastructure in the Baltic States post-EU succession

Developments in freight transport and transport infrastructure have a strong influence on economic growth. The Baltic States have recently undergone a transformation from planned economies to market orientation. The interest in the Baltic States originates from their importance as new markets within the European Union, and their transit function for trade with Russia. Rising trade volumes and increasing freight transport are forecasted in the near term for the region. This study aims at developing an understanding of the regulatory, structural and developmental conditions and trends affecting the transport infrastructure in a region in economic transition, namely the Baltic States, in the light of its current economic development. Comparisons are made with Buchhofer’s [Buchhofer, E., 1995. Transport infrastructure in the Baltic States during the transformation to market economies. Journal of Transport Geography 3(1), 69–75] assessment of transport infrastructure in the Baltic States in the early years of transformation to market economies.     

Short haul business travel in the European Union: a segmentation profile

Business travellers tend to be charged a premium for the air services they consume due to the nature of demand, and therefore represent a potentially high source of revenue to airlines. Airlines are keen to secure and maintain executive travel business. The research investigates the short haul business air travel market in Europe, using a conceptual benefit segmentation model that addresses the industrial nature of the market. Three distinct market segments are identified; the schedule driven segment, the corporate cog segment, and the informed budgeter segment. A profile of these market groupings is given and implications for marketing strategy discussed.     

Transport and social exclusion: access to higher education in the UK policy context

This paper examines the student experience of transport, within the context of two hitherto distinct discourses. Firstly, the transport and social exclusion discourse, which highlights the role that low mobility plays in the experience of exclusion. Secondly, the widening participation discourse, which emphasises inequitable access to and achievement in higher education (HE) by non-traditional students as a component of social exclusion. The paper reports the results of a series of focus groups, undertaken with current HE students from a diverse range of backgrounds, many of whom may be considered to be non-traditional students. Results suggest that inadequate access to transport is a substantial barrier to access and achievement in HE, for these students. This highlights the influence of transport upon the successful implementation of social policy. Without consideration of transport and the physical accessibility of HE, the aim of increasing and widening participation in HE is unlikely to be realised.     

Transport corridors and regional balance in China: the case of coal trade and logistics

Coal plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of China. Yet, the spatial mismatch between production centers (inland Northwest) and consumption centers (coastal region) within China fostered the emergence of dedicated coal transport corridors with limited alternatives. Serious problems of energy shortage and power rationing have already affected southeastern China. At the same time, enormous interregional coal transfers face a lack of transport capacity along the transport system. Based on first-hand statistics, a disaggregated analysis of coal distribution patterns since the late 1970s provides novel evidences about the local effects of macroscopic trends, such as the shift from dominant exports to dominant imports in terms of changing traffic concentration levels and distribution patterns among routes and ports. The spatial evolution of coal distribution is also discussed in terms of related industry linkages and local influences, coal trade policies and market pricing, port system evolution, and transport network planning. The paper also discusses possible improvements of the current situation through enhancing multimodal transport based on a review of current policies.     

Impact of European Union funding on tourism in the Grampian Region

The European Union (EU) has no specific tourism policy. Even though there are divergent views on its involvement in regional development, there is a consensus on the fact that the EU is involved by its principle role of ‘Subsidiarity’. There is also continued participation of the EU in activities related to tourism development in the community. Undoubtedly, the EU is having an impact on regional development of members states. Research carried out shows the contribution of the EU in regional development and tourism. The EU funding has tended to focus on peripheral areas and where traditional industries are declining. Tourism related projects (such as visitor attractions) have benefited from such funding programmes, on the assumption that these projects will create employment and increase visitor numbers, as well as promote the economies of these regions. Consequently, this paper considers the contributions of EU funding of tourism attractions in the Aberdeen and Grampian region of Scotland and issues affecting the effectiveness of the attractions themselves. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regional airline services in the liberalized European Union single aviation market

The regional airline sector is one of the most dynamically growing sectors of the European Union's newly liberalized Single Aviation Market. The paper explores the relationships between regional airlines, liberalization and the concurrent globalization of the air transport industry. It seeks to define the roles of regional carriers in this rapidly changing regulatory and business environment, one that is being further transformed by important technological innovations in regional aircraft. The paper then examines the varying nature of the strategies that link the EU's regional carriers and major airlines into increasingly integrated structures. Finally, the discussion examines the changing network operations of the regionals as they seek to define and maintain their roles within the wider—and still very fluid—liberalized and globalized contexts in which they increasingly operate.     

金华铁路运输发展现状及对策研究

金华发展铁路运输对于推进"义甬舟"开放大通道及中欧班列(义乌)发展、高质量建设"一带一路"具有重要意义。在分析金华铁路运输发展现状的基础上,从铁路运输通道、铁路运输场站、铁路运输集疏运体系、铁路运输组织、地方配套服务平台等方面分析金华铁路运输存在的不平衡、不充分、不协调等问题,提出金华铁路运输发展对策:畅通对外运输通道,优化金华铁路枢纽系统,完善铁路集疏运体系,建立路地协调机制,搭建地方服务平台,强化政府主导作用。     

Policy packages and state engagement: Comparing car-use reduction policy in two Norwegian cities

Policy packages are structures used to combine different policy measures and address multiple objectives. This paper links local-level policy packaging with national authorities’ environmental strategies. Applying a multilevel-governance perspective, it examines how state engagement influences the integration of car-use reduction strategies in local policy packages. Two policy packages are empirically compared, one from the larger Norwegian city of Trondheim and one from the mid-sized city of Bodø. While both policy packages reveal ambivalence in whether to facilitate or restrict car usage, the strategies employed in Trondheim to mitigate the effects of road building are stronger than those used in Bodø. In Trondheim, more resources are used for climate-friendly transport and stronger regulation is applied to integrate land-use and transport policy. In explaining this, different levels of state engagement are emphasised. The study reveals how, both financially and in the building of institutional capacity, the approach of national authorities prioritises the larger city.     

SeMS and sensibility: Security management systems and the management of risk in the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority

Following International Air Transportation Association requirement for all member airlines and airports to have a security management system (SeMS) beginning 1 March 2007, many organizations are looking to learn from safety and quality management systems. Without specific guidelines or best practices, organizations are forced to imitate these processes designed for different goals. Since safety, quality, and security environments operate on radically different principles, SeMS implementation must take a different tack. The case of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority illustrates the importance of a custom-designed program that meets public and corporate needs. The Authority is responsible for security screening of passengers, non-passengers, and baggage within selected airports. As a crown corporation with a precise statutory mandate and regulatory environment, the development of a SeMS illustrates some of the key problems for the application of SeMS to larger organizations.     

铁路运输生产结合部安全问题改进对策探讨

铁路运输生产结合部安全对于保障铁路的安全运营具有重要作用,建立完善铁路运输生产结合部安全问题协调机制能够有效降低安全风险。分别从铁路内部结合部问题和外部结合部问题2个方面,分析铁路运输生产过程中的结合部安全问题,探析结合部安全问题意识、结合部管理安全职责、结合部安全问题协调制度、结合部安全问题闭环整治机制以及结合部安全问题源头性手段等原因,从健全完善结合部安全问题协调机制和施策推动结合部安全问题治理2个方面提出改进对策。     

Four shades of Open Skies: European Union and four main external partners

The Open Skies agreements are in the centre of the European Union’s external aviation policy. They form the basis of liberalisation of aviation between the EU and the rest of the world, opening up markets and promoting fair competition. The progress made since the original road map in 2005 depended both on the priorities of the European side and the individual strategy of each external partner. This paper discusses the status of the EU’s aviation relations with four important partners: USA, Russia, Morocco and Turkey.Aviation liberalisation is at a different stage of maturity in the four examples. The evolution of traffic over time can give an insight into the impact that gradual liberalisation had in each case: total traffic grows faster when restrictions are lifted, but new demand is not spread equally across airports on either side. The impact on concentration, measured with the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) at airport level, varies significantly between the various markets. Political, geographic, demographic and economic factors influence the airline network dynamics and lead to distinct patterns of expansion. Special emphasis is given to the analysis of the role of airline alliances, ownership limitations and specific obstacles such as the visa limitations and the Siberian overflight royalties.     

欧盟铁路互联互通技术规范体系动态研究与建议

欧盟铁路互联互通机制及其技术规范体系构建研究对于我国铁路走出去具有重要意义。基于欧盟铁路互联互通技术法规的最新内容,分析了形成欧盟铁路互联互通标准体系的欧盟指令、技术规范和欧洲标准体系架构及其内在联系,研究了欧盟铁路固定设施、通信信号、运营管理等方面互联互通技术规范的实施现状和发展趋势。基于欧盟铁路互联互通体系的研究结果及与中国铁路标准体系的对比分析,对我国铁路标准的体系构建、标准国际化路径选择提出合理建议。     

Exploring the relationship between truck load capacity and traffic accidents in the European Union

Applying econometric techniques to EU28 panel data and controlling for explanatory variables such as road types, we find that increased truck load capacity does not necessarily aggravate road traffic safety. Specifically, heavy trucks do not seem to be linked with greater numbers of traffic fatalities/accidents, medium trucks appear to be the worst performers in terms of fatalities, and light trucks seem to be the worst for accidents. In summary, our results clarify the complex relationship between truck load capacity and road safety, pointing to the existence of a negative correlation for accidents per capita and an inverse U-shaped curve for fatalities per capita.     

我国铁水联运港口作业区布局优化研究

铁水联运港口作业区是铁水联运作业的重要场所之一,铁水联运港口作业区布局直接影响着铁水联运的作业效率。为提高铁水联运港口作业效率,减少因方案调整产生的无效工作,在阐述铁水联运港口作业区组成的基础上,使用SLP法和铁水联运港口作业区布局优化模型进行两阶段耦合优化研究,以马鞍山郑蒲港区为例验证铁水联运港口作业区布局优化模型及其算法的可行性,充分发掘铁路联运港口作业区影响因素,提升铁水联运港口作业区域布局工作效率的优势,为铁水联运的总体布局方案提供科学合理的依据。     

我国运输行业上市公司企业社会责任信息披露情况研究

以我国A股上市交易的运输行业上市公司作为研究对象,运用描述性分析和多元线性回归方法对运输行业上市公司企业社会责任信息披露情况进行研究.研究结果表明:2008年我国运输行业上市公司社会责任信息披露比例较以前年度有显著提高,尤其是采用独立报告模式披露社会责任信息的企业数量显著增加;在企业社会责任信息披露的内容和方式上,节能减排等环境方面的信息披露比例有显著提高,但是在安全生产及债权人等方面的信息披露还有待加强;在公司特征方面,公司规模越大、盈利能力越强的上市公司越倾向于披露更多的企业社会责任信息,而且从地域分布上看,沪、深两地区企业的信息披露状况未显著好于其他地区的企业.     

The role of regional trading blocs in the development and management of tourism: an analysis of the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

The establishment of regional trading blocs is considered an important aspect of the process of economic and political globalisation. Focusing on the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, this paper considers whether the involvement of regional trading blocs in tourism is desirable and if so, what form future participation might take. Based on the findings from two qualitative studies, examples of best practice are identified and recommendations are made. Greater co‐operation over facilitating tourist movement and crisis management are suggested, but it is concluded that ultimately, the relevance of regional trading blocs in tourism needs further endorsement by the member states. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.