发达国家电力产业激励性规制模式及借鉴

20世纪80年代末90年代初激励性规制模式被引入到电力产业,并在很多国家的应用中取得了成功。本文通过对激励性规制价格上限和标尺竞争理论简要概述基础上,比较分析了西方发达国家电力产业规制实践,旨在为我国电力产业的规制机制设计提供借鉴。     

我国电力行业政府规制改革问题的研究

电力行业作为自然垄断产业,政府对该行业都实施了严格的规制。我国对电力行业规制改革二十多年来,在打破垄断、引入竞争等方面取得了相当大的成就,但仍有存在很多问题,通过分析我国电力行业政府规制改革存在的问题与产生的原因,提出应进一步加强对竞争机制的引入;进一步推进电价机制的完善;进一步完善电力规制法律、法规体系;进一步提高政府监管职能。     

论电力定价的法律完善

主要从我国电力定价法律规制现状出发,分析我国成本加利润加税金的电力定价模式存在的弊端,在此基础上提出电力定价法律完善措施。为防止电力行业滥用垄断地位,应当在电力行业适当的引入竞争,从价格规制模式和电力价格形成机制上完善电力定价机制,并通过增强对消费者权利的保护,最终达到合理有效的解决电力定价问题。     

论电力定价的法律完善

主要从我国电力定价法律规制现状出发,分析我国成本加利润加税金的电力定价模式存在的弊端,在此基础上提出电力定价法律完善措施。为防止电力行业滥用垄断地位,应当在电力行业适当的引入竞争,从价格规制模式和电力价格形成机制上完善电力定价机制,并通过增强对消费者权利的保护,最终达到合理有效的解决电力定价问题。     

西方自然垄断产业激励性规制的理论与实践

激励性规制理论是建立在规制双方信息不对称和行为目标差异基础之上的,是委托--代理理论、机制设计理论在政府规制领域的应用.西方国家在自然垄断产业的规制实践中,采用了多种多样的激励性规制形式,如价格上限规制、社会契约制度、特许投标规制、标尺竞争规制等.激励性规制能够促使企业降低成本、提高效率,但激励性规制并非完美.     

实施激励性规制推进我国医药产业改革与发展

改革开放以来,我国医药产业有了较快的发展,产业基础有了很大的提升,但与世界上发达国家相比,仍存在着较大差距和问题。竞争是提高产业整体效率、改善社会整体福利的不可缺少的重要因素。激励性规制是在保持原有规制结构的条件下,激励受规制企业提高内部效率,给予受规制企业以竞争压力和提高生产或经营效率的正面诱因。我国医药产业可以通过实施激励性规制,推进改革与发展、调整产业结构、优化资源配置、提高国际竞争力。     

非对称信息、竞争性电煤价格与电力产业规制

本文在非对称信息的理论基础上,通过引入竞争性的电煤价格进行分析得出:电煤价格市场化对规制部门进行电力产业规制产生了影响,在电煤价格市场化程度越来越高的情况下,应提高对电力产业的激励程度;煤炭企业的租金随着自身讨价还价能力和发电企业效率的提高而增加;发电企业的垄断租金随着规制部门激励程度和自身效率的提高而增加,随着煤炭企业讨价还价能力的提高而减少。因此,应加强电力产业规制,采取多种措施限制电煤价格,实现煤炭电力行业健康发展。     

我国电力行业价格管制模型的探讨

由于我国输配电环节和售电环节主要采取的是垄断性垂直一体化市场结构,而且缺乏科学的定价方法,加之我国正处于转型阶段,对输配电价和销售电价的政府管制就显得十分必要。本文借鉴已有的研究成果及目前国际上运行的电力市场价格管制方法,结合现阶段我国电力市场的发展现状,对电力行业价格激励性管制模型进行探讨。     

我国民航客运价格定价机制与规制改革探讨

以国内民航市场客运价格规制改革问题为研究对象,从传统自然垄断产业规制改革的角度,分析目前我国民航客运价格规制制度存在的问题,探讨提出建立我国激励性客运价格定价和价格规制体系的改革思路.     

部分发达国家电价规制政策研究

自上世纪八十年代以来,许多国家对电力产业开始了放松规制和市场化改革,在电力产业中引入市场机制,通过竞争、私有化和价格机制来进行资源的配置和使用。将不具有自然垄断性质的发、售环节和具有自然垄断性质的输、配环节分开;在发电和售电环节引入竞争;对具有自然垄断性质输电、配电环节引入激励性管制,进行管制改革。     

Enhancing the Efficiency of Water Supply—Product Market Competition Versus Trade

In most developed countries, the provision of water is organized at a local level. The costs and tariffs vary significantly, even between adjacent water utilities. Such heterogeneity is an obvious indication of the sector??s overall inefficiency and stresses a need for institutional adjustments. We show that cooperation by water trade and the introduction of competition by common carriage between adjacent utilities are valuable alternatives to improve the industry??s efficiency, even when mergers are not feasible. Because both approaches require the physical connection of neighboring networks, they may have similar effects. This paper analyzes and compares the relevant welfare gains and shows that production efficiency and retail prices may differ depending on the initial cost differential, the application of regulations and the distribution of bargaining power. Using a theoretical model, we show that at higher initial production cost differentials, welfare is higher under competitive conditions, even in a lower-bound benchmark case without any regulation.     

中国电力产业规制改革

30年来,中国电力产业规制改革已经取得了重要进展,但改革过程中也暴露出诸多新的矛盾和问题,主要表现在有效竞争尚未形成,监管体制没有理顺,价格形成机制不够合理,监管程序仍不规范。推进电力产业规制改革,国家应更大程度地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础作用,打破垄断、引入竞争,进一步深化价格形成机制改革;推进监管体制改革,促进合理监管程序的形成。同时,还应对电力企业采取合理的市场准入、质量标准等规制手段,推动电力产业更有效率、更加公平、更可持续发展。     

Wasserpreise zwischen Kartellkontrolle und Nachhaltigkeit

The regulatory framework of the German water sector is currently undergoing a reorientation process at both the EU and national levels. Price regulation of water utilities is particularly controversial. Recently, some national antitrust authorities have significantly increased their oversight of abusive practices. However, the focus of the regulation in this field is exclusively on efficiency while neglecting other pricing objectives (e.g. internalisation of environmental costs). The article examines the current practice of different price regulation schemes (cost plus pricing and control of abusive practice) and identifies its shortcomings. It is shown that different regulating principles of relevant laws (law of charges, competition law and water law) have to be better aligned and sustainability issues need to be taken into account in theory and practice when addressing efficiency requirements for water utilities.     

Explaining National Differences in the Size and Industry Distribution Employment

What forces determine national differences in the size and industry distribution of employment? We stress the role of the economic policy environment as determined by business taxes, employment security laws, credit market regulations, the national pension system, wage-setting institutions and the size of the public sector. We characterize these aspects of the economic environment in Sweden prior to 1990–91 and compare them to the situation in other European countries and the United States. Our characterization and international comparisons show that Swedish policies and institutions strongly disfavored less capital-intensive firms, smaller firms, entry by new firms, and individual and family ownership of business.

We also compile evidence that these forces affect outcomes. Taking the U.S. industry distribution as a benchmark that reflects a comparatively neutral set of policies and institutions, Sweden's employment distribution in the mid-1980s is sharply tilted away from low-wage industries and industries with greater employment shares for smaller firms and establishments. Compared to other European countries, Sweden has an unusually high share of employment in large firms. Furthermore, the Swedish rate of self- employment in the 1970s and 1980s is the lowest among all OECD countries.

The institutional and policy factors emphasized by our study differ greatly across countries. This fact suggests that our approach can be fruitfully applied to other studies of national differences in industry and size structures and their evolution over time. As an example, the tax reform wave of the 1980s – which largely evened out cross-country differences in corporate taxation among OECD countries – offers some basis for projecting a movement towards greater similarity among wealthy countries in the size and industry distribution of employment.

     

关于促进中国商业发展的战略性思考

随着中国分销领域的全面放开，如何构建一个较为完整的中国商业发展战略成为各界研究的重点。本文从国外商业发展的经验出发，结合中国的实际情况，并建议正确认识商业在国民经济发展中的战略性地位，加强商业统计信息系统的整体建设，强化行业规制和竞争政策的研究，客观评价和正确对待外资进入问题。     

旅游公共服务的体系构建研究

完善的旅游公共服务体系是旅游业发展的重要保障。目前,我国旅游公共服务体系还存在着供给主体缺失,第三方参与不足;公共服务投资不足,地区间分布不平衡;旅游公共服务相关法律、标准和评估体系不完善等问题。构建完善的旅游公共服务体系,国家应从建设完善的全国旅游信息咨询服务体系、安全保障服务、交通便捷服务、便民惠民服务和行政服务体系等入手,建立政府、市场、社会三维供给框架,优化多元化供给,协作互补的服务模式,健全相应的法律法规和标准约束旅游公共服务行为,真正建立起符合国情,覆盖城乡持续发展的旅游综合公共服务体系,为我国旅游业发展奠定坚实基础。     

Anti‐dumping Reform: Time to Go Back to Basics

This paper traces and analyses both the legal and economic history of the US anti‐dumping regime, and sets forth the shortcomings of the current system, both in regards to efficiency and equity. It then presents and explains a series of proposals for reform of the system, ranging from abolition of anti‐dumping laws and regulations and their replacement with competition laws, down to less drastic but specific changes within the existing system to render it less onerous to consumers and exporters. The paper finally details the case for substituting safeguards actions for anti‐dumping actions.     

金融业外商直接投资对发展中东道国金融体系效率的作用机理分析

外资金融机构本身的高效率运作及其对内资金融机构的竞争与技术溢出是改善东道国金融体系效率的主要传导路径。外资金融机构具有较高的经营效率,有利于促进当地金融市场的发育,而金融业外商直接投资带来的竞争和技术溢出更有利于促进当地金融体系效率的提升。外商直接投资尽管对东道国金融体系效率存在诸多积极效应,但消极影响也不容忽视。     

论中国纺织贸易摩擦与对策

为使我国纺织业能持续发展,纺织企业应促进产品结构优化升级,注重创新,实施品牌和市场多元化战略,在经营上还应国内外市场并重,有条件的企业可到境外去投资设厂.同时,政府在宏观政策上,应加强对纺织业的监督管理,完善相关的法律法规,引导企业有序经营,大力制止恶性竞争;并加快政府职能转变,积极支持行业商协会强化自律机制,以充分发挥行业的协调和咨询作用.     

海上风电：我国船企的新机遇

随着人们对环境问题的日益关注．并且由于以石油资源等为代表的传统能源供应紧张．风能作为一种清洁的、可再生的新能源受到越来越多的重视。风电迈人了快速发展的轨道．相较陆上风电而言．海上风电具有不占用陆地面积、风速比陆地大、风向较稳定等优点．伴随着陆地风电场的运营以及海洋技术的发展．海上风电逐渐开始形成．发展形势急剧升温。选择在海上建造风电场不仅具有广阔的空间．而且风力和风能密度大．从未来发展趋势来看．海上风电将是具有巨大潜力的市场。