The Role of NGOs in CSR: Mutual Perceptions Among Stakeholders

This paper explores the role of NGOs in corporate social responsibility (CSR) through an analysis of various stakeholders’ perceptions and of NGOs’ self-perceptions. In the course of qualitative research based in Spain, we found that the perceptions of the role of NGOs fall into four categories: recognition of NGOs as drivers of CSR; concerns about their legitimacy; difficulties in the mutual understanding between NGOs and trade unions; the self-confidence of NGOs as important players in CSR. Each of these categories comprises the various elements analysed in the paper. We found some discrepancies between the perception of others and the self-perceptions of NGOs, which explains why their role is often controversial. The research confirms that secondary stakeholders, such as NGOs, are key players in CSR, but their role is still regarded as controversial and their legitimacy contested. Deep-seated misunderstandings and mistrust among various stakeholder groups (particularly between NGOs and trade unions) are a possible hurdle to the integration of social and environmental concerns in business activity and corporate governance in Spain. The study finds that business managers need to take a less firm-centric and a more contextual approach, and look more closely into the relationship with and among stakeholder groups. For NGO managers, the research shows that NGOs are not always aware of the stereotypes they generate and the problems caused mainly by what is seen as ambivalent roles: critic and counsellor, accuser and judge, idealist and fund raiser.

A Comparative Analysis of the Differences in Power and Conflict Issues Between Domestic and International Distribution Channels

Although several behavioral issues dominate the current marketing channel literature, research falls short in explaining the differences in domestic and international channel behavior within the same country context. The purpose of this study is to compare the power and conflict perceptions of international and domestic distributors that operate within the same country. The household appliances sector in Turkey has been studied for the comparison. The results did not indicate any differences in power and conflict issues of domestic and international distribution channels. The study suggests that the dominant culture of a country may influence channel relationships irrespective of the origin of manufacturers.     

Uneasy Alliances: Lessons Learned from Partnerships Between Businesses and NGOs in the context of CSR

Interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has proliferated in academic and business circles alike. In the context of CSR, the spotlight has traditionally focused on the role of the private sector particularly in view of its wealth and global reach. Other actors have recently begun to assume more visible roles in the context of CSR, including Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) which have acquired increasing prominence on the socio-economic landscape. This article examines five partnerships between businesses and NGOs in a developing country context that fall in the realm of CSR. The article starts with a literature review, delineating foundational underpinnings that have to be carefully designed and crafted to promote the success of collaborative ventures. An empirical study of five selected partnerships between businesses and NGOs in Lebanon is then presented, allowing to derive interesting insights into types of existing alliances, their relational characteristics as well as salient factors considered most determinant of success or failure in this regard.     

合作伙伴间的信任问题研究

随着全球经济的发展,市场竞争不在是单一企业的竞争,而是企业群之间的竞争。企业需要学会如何与其他企业进行合作的策略与技巧,来应付激烈的市场竞争。在影响企业合作的诸多因素中,合作企业间的相互信任起到了至关重要的作用。首先详细论述了我国合作企业间信任关系的现状,并用定性与博弈论两种分析工具分析了导致这种现状的原因,最后,提出了如何促进合作企业相互信任的几点建议。     

Enlarge Cooperation in Energy Between China and Kazakhstan

＂In the future, Kazakhstan will strengthen the cooperation in the fields of energy and enlarge the cooperation among financial agencies.＂ Vice Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, Kairat N. Kelimbetov, said at the inauguration ceremony of the National Welfare Fund 《Samruk-Kazyna》 Joint-stock Company, Beijing Office on September 14, 2010.     

Supplier-Retailer Relationships in Grocery Distribution in Malaysia: Indications of Dominance,Conflict, and Cooperation

ABSTRACT

This exploratory study sets out to assess the presence of dominance, conflict and cooperation in channel relationships between grocery suppliers and retailers in Malaysia. There have been extensive studies on these channel issues in markets of developed countries but very little is known in markets of developing countries such as Malaysia. The initial assessment identifies traces of dominance, conflict and cooperation in the Malaysian channel environment. The findings suggest that the retailers perceive the suppliers as being more in control of the grocery distribution channels as indicated by the extent of influence they exert on channel functioning. The suppliers also acknowledged their roles in channel functioning as they felt that most channel issues are within their control. There also appears to be evidence of relationship characteristics identical to aspects of relationship marketing.     

The Association Between Ethical Conflict and Adverse Outcomes

In this study, we consider the association between ethical conflict and adverse outcomes, including employee stress, (lack of) organizational commitment, absenteeism, and turnover intention. Our findings show that ethical conflict is associated with adverse outcomes. Our results identify the importance of ethical conflict for organizations and the benefit for organizations to address and mitigate ethical conflict. In addition, our research contributes to the person–organization and turnover literature by extending the person-fit framework to the ethical domain and by suggesting that ethical conflict can be useful in predicting turnover. The findings of our study reinforce the need to minimize ethical conflict in the workplace due to the organizational costs associated with ethical conflict.     

渠道权力应用、冲突与合作:营销渠道网络结构嵌入的影响

传统渠道行为研究以两个渠道成员构成的二元渠道关系为分析单位,而忽略了渠道关系嵌入其中的渠道关系网络的作用。针对这一理论缺陷,文章将社会网络理论中的两个变量——网络密度和网络中心性引入渠道权力、冲突与合作研究框架,从社会网络结构嵌入的角度尝试将渠道权力研究从二元分析向网络分析方向推进。通过对调查数据的分析,检验了经销商群体的网络密度和经销商的网络中心性对制造商渠道权力应用的影响。研究结果表明,经销商网络密度和网络中心性均对制造商应用非强制性权力有显著正向影响,而对应用强制性权力无显著影响。文章研究发现为探索将渠道行为研究从二元分析范式向网络分析转向提供了经验。     

Cooperation Memorandum Signed Between Qinghai and CCPIT

Since the success of 2007 China(Qinghai)International Halal Food and Products Fair(CIHFP)was firstly held in Xinning last Novem- ber,the cooperation between Qinghai Province and CCPIT stepped into much closer.In her visit to Beijing during the Two Sessions period, China's only female governor of province,Song Xiuyan signed a coopera- tion memorandum to celebrate the fruits they have achieved in the past 30 years of reform and opening-up.And the counterpart this time is exactly CCPIT.     

Cooperation Memorandum Signed Between Qinghai and CCPIT

Since the success of 2007 China（Qinghai）International Halal Food and Products Fair（CIHFP）was firstly held in Xinning last November,the cooperation between Qinghai Province and CCPIT stepped into much closer.In her visit to Beijing during the Two Sessions period, China＇s only female governor of province,Song Xiuyan signed a cooperation memorandum to celebrate the fruits they have achieved in the past 30 years of reform and opening-up.And the counterpart this time is exactly CCPIT.     

Gender Differences Among Managers and Nonmanagers: An Analysis of Assessment Data

Abstract This study examined gender differences among both middle- and lower-level managers, and among nonmanagers, in terms of abilities, social skills, values, needs, managerial aptitude, temperament, personality, and interests. Many significant gender differences were found, but these differences decreased as managerial level increased. The differences between male managers and female managers in general were more pronounced in temperament, personality, needs, and interests than in managerial aptitude, ability, and values. Greater differences were found between male and female nonmanagers than between male and female managers. Résumé La présente étude examine les différences entre les hommes et les femmes chez les cadres moyens et inférieurs et chez les non-cadres, du point de vue des caractéristiques suivantes: capacités, sociabilité, valeurs, besoins, aptitude à la gestion, tempérament, personnalité et intéréts. II ressort d'importantes différences entre les hommes et les femmes mais elles s'at-ténuent plus on gravit les échelons de la direction. En général, les différences entre les cadres hommes et les cadres femmes sont plus prononcées pour ce qui est du tempérament, de la personnalité, des besoins et des intérěts que pour l'aptitude à la gestion, les capacités et les valeurs. Par ailleurs, on note des différences plus marquées entre les hommes et les femmes non-cadres qu'entre les hommes et les femmes cadres.     

区域协调发展中人力资源开发与合作的矛盾与冲突

重视区域协调发展,必须把区域人力资源开发与合作放在重要位置.加强区域人力资源开发与合作是促进区域协调发展的重要途径之一.我国区域人力资源的开发与合作存在诸多矛盾与冲突,必须建立一种市场化与政府引导相结合的新机制,缓解和消除区域人力资源开发与合作问题上的不和谐因素,强化合作利益、共享政策,让不同区域共同分享人力资源开发与合作的成果.     

Assertive Environmental Advertising and Reactance: Differences Between South Koreans and Americans

In three studies, the authors show that Americans and South Koreans react differently to environmental advertising campaigns featuring assertive messages that threaten autonomous freedoms. The findings uphold their hypothesis that cultural differences determine whether consumers will show reactance to assertive advertising campaigns. Study 1 demonstrates that Americans are less receptive to an assertive recycling message using imperatives such as should, must, and ought and more receptive to a nonassertive message using could, might, and worth. South Koreans do not show the reactance response. Study 2, an energy-saving campaign, conceptually replicates the findings and further shows that perceived threat to freedom mediates the effects. Study 3 uses a realistic setting (i.e., online magazine) to further support the hypothesis that cultural differences affect attitudes toward assertive messages, but adds perceived politeness as an underlying second mediator.     

文化多样性与服务贸易自由化的冲突与调和研究

文化多样性的目标,是为了保护有灭绝可能之文化的存续,多种文化的世界才具有更大的发展潜力。在国际服务贸易中,文化多样性与自由贸易之间常常会产生冲突,而调和二者间的关系至关重要。以世界贸易组织相关协定中对文化多样性与服务贸易相关条款为依据的分析显示,二者的冲突主要源于缔约国、规范事项或时间之间不一致或不兼容。维护文化多样性,可通过WTO争端解决机制或WTO体制外寻求调和路径,以确保不同协定之间的互相补充,实现二者间的均衡发展,为在服务贸易自由化背景下文化多样性的发展与保护提供参考价值。     

Differences in Cross-Cultural Negotiation Behavior Between Manufacturers and Service-Oriented Firms

ABSTRACT

In this age or the global economy, Cross-Cultural negotiations is becoming an ever increasing important part of the management and marketing process for nearly every firm. In this study, we compare the cross-cultural negotiations behavior and differences in the perceived processes between manufacturers and service-oriented firms. We report significant differences between the two groups and provide analysis.     

Ethical Differences Between Men and Women in The Sales Profession

This research addresses the question of whether men and women in sales differ in their ethical attitudes and decision making. The study asked 209 subjects to respond to 20 ethical scenarios, half of which were "relational" and half "non-relational." The study concludes (1) that there are significant ethical differences between the sexes in situations that involve relational issues, but not in non-relational situations, and (2) that gender-based ethical differences change with age and years of experience. The implications of these finding for sales organizations are discussed.     

特许经营与其他商业形式的区别

特许经营与其他许多商业形式有着千丝万缕的联系,相互之间界限模糊,经常被人们误解和误用。特许经营也经常和其他商业形式进行交叉融合,产生出许多复合商业形式,致使人们对特许经营概念的理解更加难以统一。必须从产品分销、模式复制、资源配置等三个角度,来了解特许经营与经销、直销、代理、传销、直营连锁、自由连锁、委托管理、许可证交易、集团化经营、战略联盟等商业形式之间的关系,以及他们之间的交叉融合现象。