An integrated model of downtown parking and traffic congestion

This paper is the first to look at cruising for parking from an economic perspective. We present a downtown parking model that integrates traffic congestion and saturated on-street parking; the stock of cars cruising for parking adds to traffic congestion. Two major results emerge from the model, one of which is robust. The robust one is that, whether or not the amount of on-street parking is optimal, it is efficient to raise the on-street parking fee to the point where cruising for parking is eliminated without parking becoming unsaturated. The other is that, if the parking fee is fixed at a sub-optimal level, it is second-best optimal to increase the amount of curbside allocated to parking until cruising for parking is eliminated without parking becoming unsaturated     

The real price of parking policy

This paper is the first to empirically examine the residents’ willingness to pay for on-street parking permits as well as the cost of cruising using an identification methodology based on house prices for Amsterdam. The residents’ cost of cruising is about €1 per day. The residents’ willingness to pay for a parking permit is about €10 per day.     

Downtown curbside parking capacity

Current debates on downtown parking policy have been concentrating on downtown parking pricing, while overlooking downtown parking capacity. This paper focuses on how much curbside to allocate to parking when the private sector provides garage parking. In the first-best optimum, no cruising for parking occurs, and only curbside parking is provided when demand is low relative to street capacity, both curbside parking and garage parking are provided when demand in intermediate, and only garage parking is provided when demand is high. In the second-best optimum where curbside parking is underpriced, cruising for parking occurs only when both curbside and garage parking are both present. As the fee differential between garage and curbside parking increases, cruising for parking becomes more severe, and the range of demand levels over which curbside and garage parking are both present shrinks and eventually disappears.     

兰州市公用机械式立体停车库规划研究

随着经济的快速发展。停车难成为城市发展中一个亟待解决的问题，机械式立体停车库是城市停车场的一种形式，具有占地面积小、空间利用率高等优势，在当前城市用地资源日趋紧张的情况下，从城市交通总体角度规划一定数量的公共类机械式立体停车库，缓解城市交通压力。文章以兰州市重点区域为例，分析了城市机械式立体停车库应用规划研究，并对兰州市重点区域进行了具体规划，以推动停车科技产业发展。可有效缓解兰州市停车难现状。     

济南市泉城路商业区停车问题研究

在机动车交通快速增长和土地开发强度日益提高的背景下,静态交通资源不足已严重影响着大城市交通的正常运行,特别是大城市中心商业区的停车问题日益凸显。通过对济南市泉城路商业区停车设施的调查,对停车设施结构、停车特性、停车行为等进行了分析,提出了资源与荷载平衡、信息一致性和差异化供给的策略,探讨了加强大城市商业区停车需求管理的措施。     

城市停车设施的性质与分类探讨

城市停车设施是城市重要的交通基础设施之一,大城市的停车问题正愈来愈受到人们的关注。但较长时期以来,在停车设施的性质、属性与合理分类上缺乏统一认识,给停车设施规划、建设、管理以及停车问题研究带来许多不便。为此,本文运用经济学观点和时空资源观点全面分析了停车设施的性质、属性,并提出了两种合理的分类方法。     

哈尔滨市秋林商圈停车现状及对策研究

现今,在我国大中城市中心区普遍存在着交通拥堵,停车困难等问题。本文通过对哈尔滨市秋林商圈停车现状的调查分析,发现了秋林商圈停车设施利用率低、停车场分布不均匀以及停车管理不完善等问题,提出了内外分流、拓宽道路、健全停车管理等规划策略,并针对现状问题做了具体的改善对策。     

停车位的供需矛盾及其解决方略

针对我国城市停车供需矛盾突出这一问题,从深层次分析原因,认为应该从城市可持续发展的高度,结合机动化发展战略,在立法、公共政策和技术标准制定,以及停车设施规划、建设和管理等方面,系统地提出解决问题的对策;在倡导"公交优先"的同时,应提出限制私人轿车拥有和使用的政策;对城市公共停车设施应进行统筹规划,统一建设,并将城市公共停车设施作为公共物品纳入城市交通基础设施建设;城市停车设施应以公共停车设施为主,严格限制专用停车设施和商品化停车泊位,以提高城市停车设施的利用率。     

浅析我国城市建筑物停车配建指标制定思路

为了解决我国各大城市目前面临的停车难的问题,旨在通过研究城市建筑物的停车需求特点,进而制定出合理的建筑物停车配建指标。本论文针对我国目前的实际静态交通情况,提出了城市建筑物停车配建指标的制定思路。     

The ideal source of local public revenue

Free or underpriced curb parking creates a classic commons problem. Studies have found that between 8% and 74% of cars in congested traffic were cruising in search of curb parking, and that the average time to find a curb space ranged between 3 and 14 min. Cities can eliminate the economic incentive to cruise by charging market-clearing prices for curb parking spaces. Market-priced curb parking can yield between 5% and 8% of the total land rent in a city, and in some neighborhoods can yield more revenue than the property tax.     

北京市占道施工收费标准调整研究

占道施工使原本就很拥挤的道路拥堵情况加剧,影响了居民的出行和正常的经济和社会活动的运转。因此,对这些占道施工进行一定的收费,无论是从占用社会公共资源进行补偿的角度,还是从影响正常社会经济活动的角度都是必要的。本文分析总结了占道施工分类情况及其对道路交通的影响,并结合目前北京市占道施工收费特点,依据地区经济发展程度和道路交通受影响程度,提出了占道施工收费标准调整的思路与测算方法。     

Traffic externalities in cities: The economics of speed bumps,low emission zones and city bypasses

This paper considers various policy measures that governments can use to reduce traffic externalities in cities. Unlike much of the available literature that emphasized congestion, we focus on measures that reduce pollution, noise and some accident risks. These measures include noise barriers, speed bumps, traffic lights, tolls, emission standards, low emission zones, and bypass capacity to guide traffic around the city center. Using a simple model that distinguishes local and through traffic, we study the optimal use of these instruments by an urban government that cares for the welfare of its residents, and we compare the results with those preferred by a federal authority that also takes into account the welfare of road users from outside the city. Our results include the following. First, compared to the federal social optimum, we show that the city government will over-invest in externality-reducing infrastructure whenever this infrastructure increases the generalized cost of through traffic. We can therefore expect an excessive number of speed bumps and traffic lights, but the right investment in noise barriers. Second, when implementing low emission zones, the urban government will set both the fee for non-compliance and the emission standard at a more stringent level than the federal government. Moreover, at sufficiently high levels of through traffic the urban government will prefer imposing a toll instead of implementing a low emission zone. Third, whatever the tolling instruments in place, the city will always underinvest in bypass capacity. Finally, if it can toll all roads but is forced to invest all bypass toll revenue in the bypass, it will never invest in bypass capacity. Although the paper focuses on non-congestion externalities, most insights also hold in the presence of congestion.     

A behavioural model of traffic congestion: Endogenizing speed choice, traffic safety and time losses

Conventional economic models of traffic congestion assume that the relation between traffic flow and speed is a technical one. This paper develops a behavioural model of traffic congestion, in which drivers optimize their speeds by trading off time costs, expected accident costs and fuel costs. Since the presence of other drivers affects the latter two cost components and hence the Nash equilibrium speed, a ‘behavioural’ speed-flow relationship results for which external congestion costs include expected accident costs and fuel costs, in addition to the time costs considered in the conventional model. It is demonstrated that the latter in fact even cancel in the calculation of optimal congestion tolls. The overall welfare optimum in our model is found to be off the speed-flow function, and off the average and marginal cost functions derived from it in the conventional approach. This full optimum requires tolls to be either accompanied by speed policies, or to be set as a function of speed. Using an empirically calibrated numerical simulation model, we illustrate these qualitative findings, and attempt to assess their potential empirical relevance.     

City size,network structure and traffic congestion

This paper presents an alternative approach for analyzing the relationship between land use and traffic congestion by employing the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). The MFD is an empirically observed relationship between traffic flow and traffic density at the level of an urban region, including hypercongestion, where flow decreases as density increases. This approach is consistent with the physics of traffic and allows the parsimonious modeling of intra-day traffic dynamics and their connection with city size, land use and network characteristics. The MFD can accurately measure the inefficiency of land and network resource allocation due to hypercongestion, in contrast with existing models of congestion. The findings reinforce the ‘compact city’ hypothesis, by favoring a larger mixed-use core area with greater zone width, block density and number of lanes, compared to the peripheral area. They also suggest a new set of policies, including the optimization of perimeter controls and the fraction of land for transport, which constitute robust second-best optimal strategies that can further reduce congestion externalities.     

城市住宅小区停车问题调研及对策研究——以淮安市为例

随着我国经济社会的持续发展,人民生活水平的不断提高,越来越多的小汽车进入普通家庭。城市住宅小区停车问题已成为改善居民生活,评价城市建设不可忽缺的重要内容。本文以江苏省淮安市住宅小区的停车问题为例进行研究,发现在城市不断发展的过程中,无论是八十年代以前建设的老小区或是上世纪九十年代左右出现的小区,甚至是近几年刚刚建成的新小区,都存在不同程度的停车难问题。停车难问题不仅对住宅小区的居住环境和交通安全造成极大影响,也制约着城市的发展。因此,本文将对以上三个时期的住宅小区分别进行调查研究,通过对三类住宅小区的现状分析,从而提出对不同住宅小区停车问题的不同解决方案,以此改善住宅小区中居民的停车环境与生活质量。同时也希望本文能对未来住宅小区的停车规划设计起到一定的参考作用。     

杭州市交通拥堵治理对策研究

随着工业化、城市化进程的加快,越来越多的人口和资源涌入城市。城市居住人口密度不断加大,出行越来越拥挤,城市交通拥堵已经成为困扰国内外大城市发展的一个普遍性难题。杭州地处长三角的腹地,近年来随着经济和旅游业的快速发展,交通拥堵问题已经成为制约杭城发展的一个难题。因此,当前亟需结合杭州市的城市特点,借鉴发达国家城市治理交通拥堵的经验,提出解决杭州市交通拥堵问题的策略和方法。     

新时期我国发达地区城市停车现状问题及规划对策分析——以昆山市为例

停车设施作为城市综合交通中的重要环节越来越受到人们的重视,尤其在我国发达地区城市,随着城市机动化的迅猛发展,停车问题正越来越突显出来。本文以昆山市为例,从昆山停车调查分析入手,总结了我国发达地区城市目前停车问题普遍存在的主要问题以及产生这些问题深层次的症结,并针对性地提出规划的主要对策,用新的规划理念和方法来缓解城市停车难问题。     

浅谈城市停车场规划设计

当前城市停车供需矛盾日益突出,影响了城市居民生活质量,严重制约了城市可持续发展。     

A bathtub model of downtown traffic congestion

In standard economic models of traffic congestion, traffic flow does not fall under heavily congested conditions. But this is counter to experience, especially in the downtown areas of major cities during rush hour. This paper analyzes a bathtub model of downtown rush-hour traffic congestion that builds on ideas put forward by William Vickrey. Water flowing into the bathtub corresponds to cars entering the traffic stream, water flowing out of the bathtub to cars exiting from it, and the height of water in the bathtub to traffic density. Velocity is negatively related to density, and outflow is proportional to the product of density and velocity. Above a critical density, outflow falls as density increases (traffic jam situations). When demand is high relative to capacity, applying an optimal time-varying toll generates benefits that may be considerably larger than those obtained from standard models and that exceed the toll revenue collected.     

Competition and nationally optimum resource allocation under the presence of urban traffic congestion

The present paper compares the market city size and the socially optimal city size in a model which allows for traffic congestion. It establishes that under the assumptions of constant returns to scale and perfect competition for commuter train companies, market forces alone will produce optimality in traffic congestion, in resource allocation for traffic facilities, and in the city size. The notion of optimality in this paper is in the sense of maximizing the welfare of the entire nation, rather than that of the city residents.