面临抉择的美国货币政策

2006年6月29日，美联储决定将联邦基金利率提高25个基点至5．25％，从而升至2001年3月份以来的最高水平。联邦基金利率是美联储调节货币市场供求关系的重要工具，它会通过直接影响商业银行对个人和企业的短期借贷行为来影响消费和投资，从而影响社会总需求。当美联储持续加息使美元利率达到5．25％高位时，美国货币政策就不得不面对如下抉择．是要较低通胀还是要较高增长？是继续加息还是停止加息？是选择“中性利率”还是“量化通胀目标”？     

美国应对资产泡沫的货币政策及其启示

本文分析了美联储应对20世纪90年代美国股市泡沫的货币政策,认为美联储成功之处在于泡沫破灭之后进行的强有力干预,其对资产价格给予的密切关注也得到普遍认可,但是美联储在泡沫形成时期奉行的不干预政策则一直饱受争议。本文进一步指出,由于美国和美元的特殊地位,美联储的政策不具有普适性。从美国应对资产泡沫的货币政策中,我国央行可以得到以下启示:除了要密切关注资产价格外,还需要对资产价格实行对称干预,同时干预手段要多样化,政策措施也要连续,只有这样才能成功地干预资产泡沫。     

美联储“退出策略”中的利率政策框架

2010年2月18日,美联储宣布将再贴现利率从0.5%上调25个基点至0.75%。尽管此举的象征意义大于实际意义,但作为退出策略的步骤之一,它标志着美联储应对危机的政策措施正陆续退出,货币政策逐步走向正常化。同时,     

美国连续调整利率对世界及我国经济的影响

6月30日，美国中央银行——美联储宣布将联邦基金利率上调25个基点，8月10日，美联储又宣布美元利率再提高0．25个百分点，联邦基金利率提高到1．5％，引起了世界各国的普遍关注。     

美国QE3猜想

到2008年12月,美国联邦基金利率从2007年8月的5.25%降至0～0.25%,意味着美联储短期利率工具的作用已经走到了尽头。货币政策工具从利率工具演变为资产负债表工具成为金融危机以来美联储货币政策演进的必然逻辑。美联储若继续有所作为,必须进一步突破局限,采取新的政策工具控制长期利率。由于央行无法直接控制长期利率,它能够做的只是调整其资产负债表,通过购买长期债券扩张资产规模来间接作用于长期利率,即所谓的QE(量化宽松)手段。目前美联储的货币政策面对两项挑战:     

速览

01 美联储有望在10月底完成退市 美国联邦储备委员会在9月17日对外宣布,从10月起将月度资产购买规模继续削减100亿美元。从此前的250亿美元降至150亿美元,并将在10月底的货币政策例会结束资产购买计划。美联储重申,在结束资产购买计划之后,仍有必要把联邦基金利率接近于零的水平保持相当一段时间。     

美联储接连降息:这剂“抗疫药”是否有效?

北京时间3月16日,美联储宣布将联邦基金利率目标区间下调100个基点至0%-0.25%的超低水平,并启动7000亿美元量化宽松(QE)计划,以保护经济免受病毒影响。这是美联储继3月3日降息50个基点后,第二次宣布紧急降息,降息幅度和频度可谓罕见。那么,美联储为何屡屡超预期降息?"尽显诚意"的降息"抗疫药"疗效到底如何?     

美联储货币政策传导和操作特点评析

美联储的货币政策中介目标经过了由利率到货币供应量,再到隐含中介目标的变化,目前以联邦基金利率为操作目标;其货币政策主要通过联邦基金市场向国民经济各个部门传导.在泰勒规则的指导下,美联储的货币政策操作具有自主性、公开性、前瞻性、市场化和模型化的特点.美联储的货币政策操作经验,对我国亦具有现实的借鉴意义.     

近期美联储加息对中国经济的影响研究

近期,美国联邦储备委员会宣布将联邦基金利率目标区间上调25个基点到0.5%至0.75%的水平,并释放出明年可能加快加息步伐的政策信号。鉴于美联储加息的政策信号和步调节奏具有重大外部影响,在世界经济复苏不稳的大背景下,本文主要研究此次美联储加息对中国经济的影响以及我们相应的应对措施。     

美国货币政策面临转折

虽然美国联邦储备委员会 5月 4日决定继续将短期利率保持在 4 6年来的最低水平不变 ,但是许多经济分析人士预测 ,美联储的货币政策已经发生了明显的变化。去年 ,美联储最为关注的是美国可能面临通货紧缩的危险。包括格林斯潘在内的美联储官员曾多次强调 ,美联储有能力并拥有多种手段来应付通货紧缩 ,意在稳定人心。为了表示这种决心 ,美联储还于 2 0 0 3年 6月份又一次小幅降低利率来刺激经济复苏。在美联储的努力下 ,当前美国经济面临的通货紧缩压力已经不复存在。但是 ,与此同时 ,美国物价较快上升问题却已经引起不少人的关切。美国劳工部…     

Pacific Rim Stock Market Integration Under Different Federal Funds Rate Regimes

This study uses Sims-type vector autoregression technique to examine the stock markets integration among the US and four major Asian-Pacific stock exchanges during 1993 and 1994. The two different sample periods capture the change in US monetary policy in 1994. Empirical results show that when the US was targeting the federal funds rate in 1994, the variations in US stock returns much better explain the variations of stock returns in Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia.     

Federal Reserve Monetary Policy and Industry Stock Returns

Recent studies identify stock return patterns associated with changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy. We find that these return patterns prevail across sixteen industry stock indices. However, significant cross-industry variation exists as the apparel industry exhibits mean annual returns that are 50% higher under an expansive Fed policy than under a restrictive policy, while the same return difference for the oil industry is only 20%. This cross-industry variation suggests that monetary conditions may be used by investors to estimate different expected returns across industries. Furthermore, the findings support the view that monetary considerations should be considered in ex ante asset pricing models such as the CAPM.     

Real Activity, Inflation, Stock Returns, and Monetary Policy

We find that contractionary monetary policy shocks generate statistically significant movements in inflation and expected real stock returns, and that these movements go in opposite directions. Since positive shocks to output precipitate monetary tightening, we argue that the countercyclical monetary policy process is important in explaining the negative correlation between inflation and stock returns. Examining the 1979–1982 period, we find that monetary policy tightens significantly in response to positive shocks to inflation, and that the impact of monetary policy shocks on stock returns is negative and volatile. Therefore, we see evidence that an “anticipated policy” hypothesis is at work.     

Analyzing Federal Reserve asset purchases: From whom does the Fed buy?

Asset purchases have become an important monetary policy tool of the Federal Reserve in recent years. To date, most studies of the Federal Reserve’s asset purchases have tried to measure the interest rate effects of the purchases, and several provide evidence that these purchases do have important effects on longer-term market interest rates. The theory of how asset purchases work, however, is less well developed. Some of the empirical studies point to “preferred habitat” models in which investors do not have the same objectives, and therefore prefer to hold different types and maturities of securities. To study this more closely, we exploit Flow of Funds data to assess the types of investors that are selling to the Federal Reserve and their portfolio adjustment after these sales, which could provide a view to the plausibility of preferred habitat models and the transmission of unconventional monetary policy across asset markets. We find that the Federal Reserve is ultimately buying from only a handful of investor types, primarily households (which includes hedge funds), with a different reaction to changes in Federal Reserve holdings of longer-term versus shorter-term assets. Although not evident for all investors, the key participants are shown to rebalance their portfolios toward more risky assets during this period. These results can be interpreted as supporting, at least in part, the preferred habit theory and the view that the monetary policy transmission is working across asset markets.     

Greenspan's Conundrum and the Fed's Ability to Affect Long‐Term Yields

In February 2005 Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan noticed that the 10‐year Treasury yields failed to increase despite a 150‐basis‐point increase in the federal funds rate and called it a “conundrum.” This paper investigates the historical relationship between the 10‐year Treasury yield and the federal funds rate and finds that the relationship changed dramatically in the late 1980s, well in advance of Greenspan's observation. The paper evaluates three competing hypotheses for the change. The evidence from a variety of sources supports the conclusion that the most plausible explanation is that the change occurred because the FOMC began using the federal funds rate as a policy instrument.     

Changes in the Federal Reserve Communication Strategy: A Structural Investigation

This paper structurally investigates the changes in the Fed's communication strategy since the mid‐1990s through the lens of anticipated and unanticipated disturbances to a Taylor rule. The anticipated disturbances are identified using Treasury bond yield data in estimating a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with a term structure of interest rates. Our estimation results show that the Fed's decisions were unanticipated for market participants until 1999, but thereafter a larger portion of its future policy actions tended to be communicated in advance. We also find that the relative contribution of the anticipated monetary policy disturbances to macroeconomic fluctuations became larger after 1999. The bond yield data is indispensable to these results, since it contains crucial information on an expected future path of the federal funds rate.     

全球新型金融危机与中国外汇储备管理的战略调整

本文针对美国次贷危机之后国际金融格局变化,提出全球新型金融危机的概念,阐明新型金融危机独有的特征,指出全球新型金融危机对中国外汇储备的影响。本文的分析显示,在全球新型金融危机背景下,中国外汇储备管理的战略应该向人民币国际化这一方向调整,尽管目前时机尚未成熟,但近年来相关方面的发展已经为人民币将来走向国际化奠定了有利的基础。文章对人民币国际化的实现路径进行了讨论。     

利率政策环境与央行货币政策选择

央行的货币政策实施受货币政策环境制约,特别是实施价格型货币政策时,在不同的利率环境下央行可能选择不同的利率调控模式。为此,通过构建门限回归模型对货币政策调控模式与利率区制的相依性进行实证检验,结果发现：在不同的利率区制内中央银行的政策偏好和利率调控模式存在显著差异。在高利率区制,中央银行存在针对产出缺口调整名义利率的政策偏好;在低利率区制,中央银行则不存在这种政策偏好,低利率环境下货币政策效应弱化甚至失效是导致此区制中央银行不针对产出缺口调整利率的主要原因。     

流动性冲击、货币政策失误与金融危机——对美国金融危机的反思

本文认为:(1)流动性冲击主要通过资产负债表渠道和资产价格渠道来影响金融市场,正是这两种渠道才使得流动性在金融危机爆发及传导的过程中扮演了重要角色。借款人的资产负债表效应导致损失螺旋和保证金螺旋的产生,造成资产的折价销售,推动了资产价格的下跌和进一步的银根紧缩;(2)房地产泡沫的形成与美联储的货币政策失误、金融市场结构变化、新布雷顿森林体系以及投资者的羊群行为等有关,房地产泡沫破灭是美国金融危机的导火索;(3)金融危机爆发后,美联储通过调整中央银行的资产负债表,推出各种形式的金融创新工具,向金融市场注入流动性,有效地降低了金融市场崩溃的概率。论文最后从流动性管理的角度,对美国金融危机进行了反思。     

关于资产价格与货币政策问题的一些思考

在全球金融危机的大背景下,货币政策是否应该对资产价格膨胀作出反应引起关注。本文对相关理论进行了归纳,并从通货膨胀机理的角度对资产价格与货币政策的关系进行了探讨,提出了建立和完善更加关注资产价格的货币政策框架的建议。