日本生鲜蔬菜进口市场及其需求弹性分析

本文运用LA/AIDS模型,估算日本生鲜蔬菜进口市场的需求弹性,探讨中国生鲜蔬菜在日本市场上的贸易地位和竞争策略。结果表明,在日本蔬菜进口市场上,中国生鲜蔬菜对日本进口总支出缺乏弹性,自价格弹性由缺乏弹性逐渐变为富有弹性,与韩国和美国蔬菜呈互补关系,与墨西哥、新西兰及其他国家和地区蔬菜呈替代关系,各地区出口量对中国出口价格变化的反应比中国生鲜蔬菜出口量对相对价格变化的反应更敏感。中国大幅度降价确实推动了出口量的增加,但并不是今后发展的最优策略,质量与安全水平的提升是维持或提高市场份额的根本途径。     

The Divergence in Canada-U.S. Grain and Oilseed Policies

This paper discusses U.S. and Canadian farm programs for grains and oilseeds. In spite of the passage of the U.S. FAIR Act in 1996, where subsidies were to be greatly reduced, subsidies reached an all-time high of over $20 billion in 2000. In Canada, just the opposite occurred, as support for the grains and oilseeds sector has dropped sharply since the mid-1990s. In addition to differences in support levels, the farm prog rams are very different. NISA and AIDA are prominent in the landscape in Canada, while under FAIR, loan deficiency payments are a key ingredient. We provide some explanations for the divergence in farm programs between the two countries, including a discussion of rent seeking and public choice.     

The Effects of NAFTA on Trade and Welfare in the U.S. Fresh Tomato Industry

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure NAFTA's impact to date and quantify how the producers and consumers of fresh tomatoes in the United States, Canada and Mexico have benefited or lost. Changes in consumer and producer surpluses were calculated in 2001 US dollars based on simulations of two scenarios. The analysis found that U.S. consumers captured $12.1 billion more surplus than they would have captured had NAFTA not been enacted. Mexican fresh tomato producers gained an additional $2.08 billion in surplus due to NAFTA. In contrast to Mexican growers, U.S. and Canadian producers appear not to have benefited economically from NAFTA. Findings suggest that U.S. producers would have earned $3.29 billion more if NAFTA had not gone into effect. Canadian producer surplus with NAFTA was estimated to be approximately $20 million less with NAFTA, and the total net benefit from NAFTA was found to be a positive $10.87 billion.     

An Econometric Import Demand and Market Analysis:

No abstract available for this article.     

The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: Implications for Red Meat and Grain

Canada and the U.S. acknowledged the problems arising from trade barriers and sought to reduce them through negotiation of a bilateral Free Trade Agreement. Implementation of the FTA may cause significant economic changes within the red meat/livestock and grain sectors for both countries. Although both sectors are of major importance, the actual magnitudes and distribution of gains and losses have not been quantified. This paper focuses on consumer and producer welfare issues and the effects of the FTA on the red meat/livestock and grain sectors for selected regions of the U.S. and Canada. Data were carefully researched, expert opinion was solicited from both countries, and a mathematical programming model was used to complete the analysis. The 1989 provisions of the FTA will have only marginal effects on the respective sectors or on welfare as measured in the model. The analysis demonstrates that if additional provisions of the FTA are phased in over time (partial FTA policy) instead of being adopted all at once (comprehensive FTA policy), more severe dislocations occur. For either scenario, and as measured in the model, consumers benefit at the expense of producers. Le Canada et les Etats-Unis ont reconnu les problèmes provenant des barrières commer-ciales internationales, et ont churché à les réduire a travers la négociation d'un accord bilatéral de libre échange. La realisation de cet accord « FTA » pourrait entrainer des change-ments économiques importants, dans les secteurs viande de boeuf et céréales, pour les deux pays. Bien que les deux secteurs soient d'une importance majeure, l' étendue des gains et des pertes n'avait pas encore été évaluée. Ce papier se préoccupe de la répartition des bénéfices aux consommateurs et aux producteurs, ainsi que des effets du FTA sur les secteurs viande de boeuf et céréales de certains régions des Etats-Unis et du Canada. Les données utilisées dans ce papier ont été soumises à une recherche soignée, les opinions d'experts des deux pays ont été solicitées, et un modèle de programmation mathématique a été employé afin de compléter cette analyse. Les provisions 1989 du FTA n'auront que des effets marginaux sur les secteurs respectifs et les bénéfices, tels qu'ils sont mesurés dans le modele. L'analyse demontre que l'adoption d'une façon graduelle de provisions supplémentaires du FTA « partial FTA policy » aura des conséquences plus sévères qu'une adoption totale de toutes ces provisions « comprehensive FTA policy ». Selon Tun ou l'autre des scénarios, tels que mesuré dans le modèle, les consommateurs profiteraient au dépens des producteurs.     

中国锯材进口需求弹性分析

基于俄罗斯等国限制中国锯材的出口以及天然林保护工程实施的现实情况,分析中国主要锯材进口国家的相关关系及其对中国锯材进口的影响程度。首先,分析锯材进口需求上升的趋势和中国锯材主要进口国分析,然后分析需求弹性理论基础与LA/AIDS,其次,利用LA/AIDS方法估计与分析中国锯材进口需求弹性,最后,提出建立多元化市场策略、调整中国锯材的进口结构等建议。     

Welfare Impacts of the Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Trade Dispute: Beggar Thy Consumer Trade Policy

The welfare impacts of the 1987–91 Canadian "voluntary" 15% lumber export tax and the current 6.51 % U. S. import duty are analyzed using a simultaneous equations model of the softwood lumber market. The results show that U.S. consumers suffer losses 35% to 45% of those endured by Canadian producers. Canadian national welfare was much higher under the voluntary export tax, indicating the Canadian government erred in unilaterally terminating the agreement. In both instances, the U.S. government pursued policies that benefited domestic producers at the expense of U.S. lumber consumers, with no attempt or discussion of compensation. Thus, this appears to be a case of "beggar thy consumer" trade policy.     

An Analysis of Dynamic Economic Relationships: An Application to the U.S. Hog Market

Recent advances in multiple time-series analysis are discussed and applied to data from the U.S. hog market. Vector-autoregressive and moving-average representations are derived and interpreted with respect to implied dynamic relationships among the variables.
Desprogrès récents dans l'analyse des séries temporelles multiples sont présentes el utilisés pour l'analyse des données sur le marché porcin aux Etats- Unis. Deux representations, la premiere vectorielle el autoregressive et la seconde moyennes mobiles, sont dérivées et interpretées selon les relations dynamiques implicites des variables.     

U.S. Citrus Import Demand: Seasonality and Substitution

Citrus fruits make up 1/5 of all fresh fruit consumed in the United States. Given the increasing importance of imported citrus in the diet of American consumers, it is perhaps surprising that no import demand analysis of U.S. citrus has been conducted. Using quarterly U.S. import data for 6 citrus commodities, we employed a demand systems model and evaluated aspects of seasonality. The results suggest wide variations in price responses to different types of imported citrus. The average amplitude and phase shift suggest that all citrus fruits exhibit some seasonality in their imports, likely a result of peak harvesting schedules of exporters.     

The Market Structure and Price Competition in China's Wheat Import Market:

This paper reveals that wheat exporters to China compete in an imperfectly competitive market. U.S. wheat exports face strong price competition from Argentina, Australia, Canada, and the European Community, but has a highly elastic demand in China. By adopting an aggressive promotion policy, the U.S. could reduce the market shares of Argentina and Canada. China would shift to wheat from Argentina, Australia, and Canada if U.S. wheat exports were interrupted because of high prices or non-price trade frictions. An expansion in China's wheat imports would accrue to wheat from Argentina and the U.S.     

Unbiasedness and Market Efficiency Tests of the U.S. Rice Futures Market

This study examines short-run and long-run unbiasedness within the U.S. rice futures market. Standard OLS, cointegration, and error-correction models are used to determine unbiasedness. In addition, the forecasting performance of the rice futures market is analyzed and compared to out-of-sample forecasts derived from an additive ARIMA model and the error-correction model. The results of our unbiasedness tests and the forecasting performance of the rice futures market provide supporting evidence that the U.S. long-grain rough rice futures market is efficient. The results have important price risk management and price discovery implications for Arkansas and U.S. rice industry participants.     

A Hedonic Analysis of Fresh Tomato Prices among Regional Markets

This study uses the 2004 ACNielsen Homescan panel data to estimate the price premiums and discounts associated with fresh tomatoes among regional markets, focusing on the organic attribute. The results suggest that consumers paid $0.25/lb more for organic fresh tomatoes in the New York–Philadelphia market. The organic premiums are estimated to be $0.14/lb in the Chicago–Baltimore/Washington and Los Angeles–San Francisco markets and $0.29/lb in the Atlanta–San Antonio market. Furthermore, tomato prices consumers paid in 2004 varied by household characteristics, including income, age, and the race and ethnicity of the head of the household.     

Estimating the U.S. Import Demand for Melons: A Dynamic Analysis Approach

The United States is one of the world's leading consumers as well as one of the world's leading producers of melons. However, U.S. melons are produced only from May through December. In order to supplement the domestic demand and make melons available year-round, the United States imports melons from Latin American countries. This article analyzes the U.S. demand for imported fresh and frozen melons using monthly data on import volumes and values. A static and a dynamic linear Almost Ideal Demand System are estimated using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The estimated parameters are used to estimate the short- and long-run price and expenditure elasticities.     

Role of Trade in Satisfying U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Demand

Increases in U.S. consumer incomes result in an increase in imports' share of U.S. consumption. Although U.S. consumers reduce the quantity demanded in response to higher import prices, the reduction is sufficiently inelastic that exporter revenue increases. U.S. Free Trade Agreements have made fresh fruits and vegetables available throughout the year and may also have broadened the U.S. marketing window for imports. Now U.S. food safety regulations favor large operations that can absorb the fixed and seasonal food safety related costs. Therefore, the brunt of the increased import competition is borne by small and medium-size producers.     

A Dynamic Regression Model of the U.S. Hog Market

Historical patterns of hog slaughterings are analyzed and related to a hog-corn price ratio series using the transfer function or dynamic regression technique. This technique permits explicit tests of causal relationships and provides a systematic means for specifying distributed lag forms. It is determined that the hog-corn price ratio series leads hog slaughterings and that there is no feedback. The estimated transfer function is analyzed in terms of its implications for the supply of hogs and its implications for the length of the hog cycle.
Nous analyserons les schémas historiques de l'abattage de pores et Us mettrons en correspondence avec une série de rapportsprix du porc —prix du maïs en ulilisant lafonction de transfert ou la technique de regression dynamique. Cette technique permet de tester explicitement les relations causales et foumit un moyen systématique de spécifier les formes de retard distribué. On a determine que Vabattage de pores dépend de la série de rapports prix du pore —prix du maïs mais que I'inverse n'est pas vrai. La fonction de transfert est analysée en fonction de ce qu'elle impliquepour I'approvisionnement en pores et pour la longueur du cycle chez les pores.