“旅游地生命周期理论”综论———兼与杨森林商榷

“旅游地生命周期理论”综论———兼与杨森林商榷余书炜本文有感于杨森林的《“旅游产品生命周期论”质疑》一文①而作。杨文提出的质疑总体上来说颇中要害，很有份量。旅游地生命周期理论产生于国外，国内旅游学界对这一理论只是处于一种被动接受的状况。杨的质疑，无疑...     

基于系统科学的旅游地演化机制及规律性初探

现阶段旅游地复杂系统演化相关研究成果一方面很难辨析旅游地生命周期理论及其个案论争,另一方面由于无法深入研究系统演化背后的运行机制及其规律性,从而无法形成理论研究体系与范式.有鉴于此,本文作者以系统科学为指导,在明确旅游地复杂系统演化涵义的基础上,以旅游地最根本矛盾--供求关系为线索构建系统演化模型,在辨析旅游地生命周期理论分歧问题的基础上诠释了旅游地复杂系统的演化机制及其规律性.     

旅游地生命周期研究现状和展望

对旅游地的发展研究中,旅游地生命周期理论是其重要的理论基石.本文回顾了国内外关于旅游地生命周期理论以及案例研究成果,通过讨论该理论的形成、发展以及主要研究内容和目前的研究难点,认为在运用该理论进行旅游发展研究中应加强危机管理以及对于旅游决策者和管理者的研究,并且重视旅游地发展过程中产品体系的更新、旅游地内部各个子系统的生命周期研究以及重视案例研究和政策因素都是非常重要的.     

“旅游产品生命周期论”的理论思考

“旅游产品生命周期论”的理论思考□许春晓尽管国内外学者都一致公认，是Ｒ．Ｗ．Ｂｕｔｌｅｒ（１９８０年）系统地阐述了“旅游地生命周期理论”，但也同时承认其起源更早，可追溯至Ｅ．Ｇｉｌｂｅｒｔ（１９３９年）的工作；并以Ｗ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔａｌｅｒ（１９６３年...     

旅游生命周期模型新解释——基于生产投资与需求分析

自巴特勒(1980)提出旅游地生命周期理论假说之后,旅游生命周期理论研究的文献分歧较大,多数学者只从需求变化的角度来阐释旅游地生命周期的演变。基于生产投资与需求视角,文章建立并解释了包含旅游产品生命周期和旅游地生命周期的完全模型。文章认为,旅游产品生命周期的各个发展阶段是由其生产投资与游客接待量的关系所决定的,包含基础设施建设和竞争性游乐项目两大阶段构成,并且提出了影响每一个小阶段演变的主要因素。同时,旅游地生命周期是由若干个旅游产品生命周期叠加而成的,并且分析了几种形式的旅游地生命周期。文章还阐述了该模型的重要含义。     

基于生命周期论的旅游地动态能力演变研究

动态能力理论为阐释企业如何在不断变化的环境中获得、维持乃至更新竞争优势提供了全新的视角,在企业发展的不同阶段需要构建与其相适应的动态能力,而在旅游情境下研究不同阶段的管理特征时,旅游地"能更好地作为代表来进行解释。本文在分析对比了企业和旅游地的生命周期特点和回顾动态能力的概念内涵的基础上,讨论了旅游地处在不同的生命周期阶段时其动态能力的演变特征。     

旅游地形象的时间演变与演变机制

旅游地形象是动态变化的,时间是旅游地形象动态变化的一个重要维度。现有旅游地形象研究主要从游客感知角度来解构旅游地形象属性,并对游客不同游览阶段、大事件前后的旅游地形象变化进行实证研究。少有文献对旅游地形象的季节波动、生命周期变化等时间演变问题进行探究,且相关研究多忽视了供给方层面的旅游地形象。研究认为,旅游地形象涉及旅游者和供给方两个层面,并分别包含感知形象和发射形象。研究对国内外旅游地形象时间演变的相关研究成果进行了梳理,包括旅游地形象随游览阶段的演变、事件前后的旅游地形象变化、旅游地形象的生命周期演变、旅游地形象的季节波动等,提出了更为系统的旅游地形象时间演变机制,并从供给方与游客两个层面对感知形象与发射形象的演变过程进行了分析。     

基于旅游地生命周期模型的阆中古城旅游发展及预测研究

旅游地生命周期可以揭示旅游地的发展规律。文章探讨四川阆中古城旅游发展现状，通过对旅游地生命周期各阶段的划分和旅游接待人数预测可知当前四川阆州古城旅游发展处于巩固阶段，并通过多种模型预测2027年的旅游接待人数，进而针对景区所处的阶段，给出了促进阆中古城旅游产业可持续发展的对策和建议。     

"形象遮蔽"与"形象叠加"的理论与实证研究

旅游地形象策划是旅游地策划的重要组成部分。本文提出了旅游地形象策划的核心理论——“形象遮蔽”与“形象叠加”,构建了旅游地策划和旅游地形象策划的理论框架,对产生“形象遮蔽”和“形象叠加”的原因、形象遮蔽的表现形式、作用机制、空间影响力和如何避免形象遮蔽,产生形象叠加效应等方面,结合作者在规划编制中的案例,进行了详细分析和实证研究。     

旅游发展与乡村变迁:“起点—动力”假说

为解释一个特定的乡村为何会选择旅游发展道路,为何会长期延续旅游发展道路,并最终实现旅游主导的乡村变迁,笔者同时参考了旅游地生命周期假说这一旅游地演化研究领域的经典理论与来自新制度经济学的路径依赖理论,提出"起点-动力"假说.起点即由历史赋存和偶然事件所组成的发展初始状态,动力即自然环境、社会、经济、文化、政治等发展要素之间的复杂关联和相互作用.这一假说强调一种垮学科、多视角的研究方法,在追求普遍解释力的同时,也充分考虑到不同地区都在严格意义上具有独特的发展环境.     

社会学框架下的旅游学学科属性定位分析

本文在假设旅游学是一门独立学科这一前提下，借用社会学关于学科属性定位的分析框架，对旅游学的学科属性进行定位分析。从学科的认知维度来看，旅游学是一门“应用”性较强的“软”学科；从学科的组织维度来看，旅游学是一门“分野度”较高而“城市化度”较低的学科。旅游学学科的这些属性的确定。为我们解释旅游学发展现状提供了基本依据。能够使我们明确旅游学的发展阶段、发展方向以及应注意的问题，这对于旅游学学科建设具有重要意义。     

Determinants of success of restaurant crowdfunding

This study explores the determinants of restaurant crowdfunding success, inspired by success determinants found in independent restaurant literature. The results indicate that community orientation, images that show elements of the restaurant concept, and frequent communication with funders are key drivers for success. We conclude that restaurant entrepreneurs who show that their project benefits the community where they operate, provide constant updates that maintain project interest, and are responsive to funders’ comments are more likely to succeed in reward-based crowdfunding.     

Sources of Slavery-Destinations of Slavery

Summary

This study seeks to account for differences between the UK and US in including sites of black slavery as part of their heritage tourism and museum agenda. Both countries were heavily involved in the slave trade and both currently have immigrant communities with an appreciation of their origins. However, and unlike the American situation, it is only recently that Britain has opened the contentious issue of slavery to public gaze. In this regard, attention focuses specifically on the mounting of a pioneering Slave Exhibition at Liverpool's Maritime Museum and, by interviewing its chief curator, various insights are gained as to the potential and pitfalls of such a permanent display of an inglorious past. Further interpretation is added by references to the general literature on heritage tourism, the emerging context of “thanatourism” and the framework of a Force Field model that can usefully accommodate the competing interests of rival stakeholders.     

An Examination of the Impact of Sponsorship on Attendees' Recognition of Sponsors

ABSTRACT

Sponsorship is a critical component of the convention and exhibition industry. There are diverse forms of sponsorships in this industry and many sponsors expect more benefits derived from their contributions than those from typical marketing activities, such as advertising and public relations. However, there have been few attempts to examine the impact of sponsorships in the convention and exhibition area. This study evaluated the impact of sponsorship by assessing attendees' recognition of sponsors in relation to different types of sponsorships and number of days attending a show. Results indicated that attendees' recognition level of the sponsors varied depending on the type of sponsorships and the number of days attending a show. In addition, sponsoring companies achieved a much higher recognition level than non-sponsoring companies. Based on the findings of this study, business and marketing implications are also discussed.     

Service failure of intermediary service: impact of ambiguous locus of control

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ambiguous Locus of Control (LOC) on customers’ evaluations after service failures in the tourism distribution channel between intermediaries (travel agents) and suppliers (hotels). A three (Locus: ambiguity, intermediary, and supplier) × two (Severity: severe versus mild) between-subject design was employed. Findings indicate that customers’ evaluations are more negative of an intermediary (travel agent) than of a supplier (hotel) when customers do not know who is at fault. In addition, when service failure is severe, consumers who do not know who is at fault (perceiving an ambiguous LOC) are more dissatisfied with the service failure than those who know who caused the failure (perceiving a clear LOC). Furthermore, customers who served themselves (self-service; high participation) are more likely to attribute service failure to a supplier than customers who were served by an intermediary (intermediary service; low participation).     

可持续旅游发展的价值依据比较

本文追溯了可持续旅游发展观在不同学科中的理论渊源,分析了"可持续旅游发展"的不同价值诉求,探讨了基于功利价值、正义价值或良心价值等不同价值基础之上的"可持续旅游发展".环境与发展经济学、旅游社会学、旅游人类学的部分流派的理论范式和研究方法可以为旅游发展提供现实的、可操作的指导,体现了对功利价值的追求.旅游社会学和旅游人类学的主要流派理论密切关注旅游的社会、政治及文化影响,体现了对正义价值的追求.而环境伦理和生态伦理学则更多地考虑了整个生态系统的和谐发展,体现了对良心价值的追求.     

Modelling bimodality of length of tourist stay

Empirically, the length of stay by tourists at their destination usually presents bimodality, overdispersion and non-zero observations, and classical distributions do not seem to fit this type of data very appropriately. In this paper, we introduce two distributions which accommodate bimodality. One is a flexible discrete distribution which can be applied to both bimodal and unimodal data sets. The second distribution is an infinite mixture model that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity in the mean parameter, thus reflecting the heterogeneous preferences of tourists. Both models are suitable for the inclusion of covariates. Our empirical results show that each of these models is suitable and provides a reasonably good fit. Of the two, the infinite mixture model is preferred.     

中国沿海地区旅游绿色发展对生态环境质量的影响分析

推动沿海地区旅游绿色发展,减少旅游业对资源与环境的压力,有利于保护旅游目的地的海洋生态系统,实现旅游与生态协调可持续发展。本研究以2011—2020年中国沿海地区11个省（市、区）面板数据为研究样本,采用空间计量模型估计方法,分析沿海地区旅游绿色发展对生态环境质量的影响。结果表明：（1）中国沿海地区旅游绿色发展水平与生态环境质量持续、稳步提升,且在地理空间上呈现较显著的空间集聚与关联特征;（2）旅游绿色发展对生态环境质量具有明显的正向影响及空间溢出效应,中国沿海地区各省份旅游绿色发展水平每提升1%,本地生态环境质量将上升0.302%,邻近省份将上升0.139%;(3)旅游绿色发展与第三产业、科技支出的交互作用能够有效增强其对生态环境质量的正向影响,但与第二产业、人口数量的交互作用会降低其对生态环境质量的正向影响。为实现中国沿海地区旅游绿色转型发展,应重视海洋第三产业发展及科技水平提升,促进污染排放整体下降,提升生态环境质量。     

中国区域旅游合作时空演化特征分析

自1980年以来,中国的区域旅游合作已经取得了较快进展.为了对我国区域旅游合作发展特征有更为深入的了解,本文利用网上检索的手段获得了153个以政府为主导的区域旅游合作案例.并依照内容、空间、地域和组织划分出不同的合作类型,进行了汇总分析.在此基础上,论文揭示了各种区域旅游合作类型的时间演化特征和区域旅游合作的空间差异特征,对今后中国区域旅游合作发展趋势进行了预测.