Bringing competition to urban water supply*

This paper proposes a market‐based reform that would introduce competition into the provision of urban water. This proposal calls for a decoupling of infrastructure control and ownership of water whereby the property rights to water would be transferred to private hands. The proposal involves periodically allocation (e.g. by auction) of existing water stock held in urban catchments to virtual suppliers who then compete in providing bulk water. This change when coupled with effective third party access and retail competition would lead to a competitive market for the provision of urban water. The approach aims to address concerns over inefficient pricing and infrastructure provision under the current arrangement.     

城市水务市场化背景下我国城市水价分析

在以地理学的视角分析城市居民用水水价总体水平的基础上,分别对我国各类城市的自来水价格、水资源费、污水处理费作了比较分析,论证了城市的4项基本地理特征(城市规模、经济发展水平、居民收入水平、水资源水平)与城市水价之间的关系及对城市水务市场化的影响,最后对我国未来城市水务市场化的水价改革进行了设想,提出了阶梯式水价方案。     

The welfare costs of urban outdoor water restrictions

Outdoor water restrictions are usually implemented as bans on a particular type of watering technology (sprinklers), which allow households to substitute for labour-intensive (hand-held) watering. This paper presents a household production model approach to analysing the impact of sprinkler restrictions on consumer welfare and their efficacy as a demand management tool. Central to our empirical analysis is an experimentally derived production function which describes the relationship between irrigation and lawn quality. We demonstrate that for a typical consumer complete sprinkler bans may be little more effective than milder restrictions policies, but are substantially more costly to the household.     

基于ELES模型的城市居民生活用水水价分析——以重庆市为例

以重庆市为例,对居民生活用水现状及城市供水的定价进行分析研究,基于ELES模型,分析重庆市居民生活用水水价的支付能力。结果表明:水费支出承受能力随可支配收入的增加而增加;用水需求收入弹性随可支配收入的增加而增大;低收入户的生活用水基本需求支出处于警戒线;2016年重庆市实施了阶梯水价的计价方式,定价基本合理,存在一定的改进空间。     

Urban water management: optimal price and investment policy under climate variability*

Australian urban water utilities face a significant challenge in designing appropriate demand management and supply augmentation policies in the presence of significant water scarcity and climate variability. This article considers the design of optimal demand management and supply augmentation policies for urban water. In particular, scarcity pricing is considered as a potential alternative to the predominant demand management policy of water restrictions. A stochastic dynamic programming model of an urban water market is developed based on data from the ACT region. Given a specification of the demand and supply for urban water state dependent optimal price and investment policies are estimated. The results illustrate how the optimal urban water price varies inversely with the prevailing storage level and how the optimal timing of investment differs significantly between rain dependent and rain independent augmentation options.     

国内外城市居民生活水价及可承受能力分析

水价作为重要的经济杠杆对促进节约用水具有重要意义。通过分析国内外典型城市现状居民生活水价及水价承受能力,得出3方面结论:国内外城市一般采用全成本水价定价方法,考虑供水的资源成本、工程成本和环境成本,发达国家城市居民水价明显高于国内城市,我国东部城市水价高于中西部,北方城市水价高于南方;计价模式主要有单一制水价和固定费用与可变费用相结合的模式,国内城市和东京、新加坡均实行阶梯水价;国内外水价差异较大,各城市居民人均月水费支出占可支配收入的比值(R值)均偏低,我国R值明显低于国际城市R值,不利于发挥节水激励作用。建议根据实际情况合理调整水价,支撑节水型社会建设。     

基于实物期权的城市供水PPP项目投资决策分析

为解决城市供水PPP项目中实物期权的价值合理界定问题,通过分析城市供水PPP项目的期权特性,采用二叉树实物期权定价模型对项目中隐含的期权进行定价,并运用模糊综合评价法对项目的复合期权价值加以完善,建立城市供水项目的价值评估模型,完善了传统的城市供水项目价值评估方法,并通过案例分析,验证了将实物期权法引入到价值评估中有助于合理界定城市供水PPP项目的不确定性价值,准确反映项目的实际价值,从而为投资者提供有效的决策依据。     

水价对中国北方城市居民用水需求影响分析

介绍城市居民用水需求变化的背景,对北方城市居民用水需求进行了预测。得出结论：水价对于减少城市居民用水需求的作用非常显著;城市化的高速发展会对城市居民用水造成巨大压力,对城市居民用水价格、用水管理手段和农业节水制度的积极改革,为解决城市居民用水供需缺口提供可能。     

破解水价改革难题的经济学分析

我国人多水少,水资源无偿和低价使用,利用效率和效益低下,加之水浪费、水污染严重,使得水资源供需矛盾成为我国经济社会发展的主要瓶颈。为解决水资源供需矛盾,必须加快水价改革,充分发挥市场配置水资源的决定性作用,通过实行用水计量收费和超额累进加价制度,在管理、供水、用水和排水等诸多环节建立激励约束机制,增强人们的节水动力,提高水资源利用效率和效益。     

塔里木河流域农业水价调整对农业水资源配置和利用的经济效应分析

构建了塔里木河流域农业种植结构和产值结构演进优化指数与农业用水结构和用水经济效率结构演进优化指数,在此基础上,分析了农业水价调整对塔里木河流域农业种植结构、增加值结构、用水结构、用水经济效率结构演进优化的作用。结果表明,农业水价调整能够促进农业种植结构、增加值结构、用水结构、用水经济效率结构演进优化,这为未来塔里木河流域农业水价调整提供了依据。     

美国城市水域景观休闲旅游利用经验及其对中国的启示

针对近年来我国城市水危机频发,排水不畅,内涝频繁,一些水域常年积污纳垢,成为威胁民生的顽疾的现实,为了借鉴美国经验,笔者考察了美国芝加哥、达拉斯、迈阿密、圣安东尼奥等城市,发现这些城市的许多工厂撤离了城市水域,宜人的水域景观将城市变成美丽经济蓝色带。美国这种保护城市水域,提高国民幸福感的经验值得我国借鉴。     

Exploring customer heterogeneity with a scale-extended latent class choice model: Experimental evidence drawn from urban water users

The search for improved water pricing is central to urban water reform in many countries. Establishing efficient water prices is notoriously difficult, not least because different customers have different demands for water and yet they are presently faced with a one-size-fits-all approach to pricing and service. This is especially challenging where water availability fluctuates widely, as is the case in many parts of Australia, because the impacts of exposure to episodic periods of scarcity can differ markedly. There is now substantial interest in the notion of ‘unbundling’ the water product to provide a better fit between customers' preferences and the level of service received. Following this trend, this study provides important insights into householders' willingness to pay for a range of flexible water options using a choice experiment. The paper reports a relatively underemployed extension to the latent class modelling framework to investigate preference heterogeneity towards urban water products, including purchasing services that involve the provision of environmental and amenity outcomes. The work adds to studies that use choice data to reveal heterogeneity while improving our understanding of household customers' demands. Overall, it also brings into focus questions about the future management of water in urban contexts.     

城市水循环经济发展的经济机制研究

对城市水循环取、用、排3个环节及其相关水体之间相互转化过程进行分析,认为城市水循环经济是一种新型的水闭路循环流动性经济,城市水资源循环经济的发展可通过经济、行政、法律和文化等机制来实现;水循环经济发展的经济机制的运用包括创新水权交易制度、完善财政税收政策、制定产业调整政策等。     

城市再生水项目的特许经营权拍卖机制设计及水价研究

通过对城市再生水特许经营项目的考察,探讨了特许经营项目中再生水如何定价的问题,设计了一种具有可分性的再生水特许经营权拍卖机制,并分别研究了在这种拍卖机制下项目公司向政府指定机构售水的价格的影响因素以及政府指定机构向用户售水的价格的确定方法。最后考察了这种拍卖机制所具有的激励相容特点。     

城市水务产业SCP分析

以产业组织理论的“结构-行为-绩效”为分析框架,分析当前我国城市水务行业的产业组织情况。分析表明,由于管理体制、水价形成机制、市场化程度等因素的影响,我国城市水务产业的发展未能取得应有的市场绩效。为促进水务产业的快速发展,提出改革城市水务产业管理体制、水价机制和投融资机制,建立大型水务集团等建议。     

Regulation versus pricing in urban water policy: the case of the Australian National Water Initiative

The Australian National Water Initiative (NWI) builds on the foundations of earlier water reforms, attempts to correct earlier errors in both policy and its implementation, and seeks to better define some of the policy aims with the benefit of hindsight. However, despite the deliberate effort to improve on earlier reforms, the NWI still embodies a significant economic paradox. Although policymakers have shown their faith in the market insofar as allocating water between competing agricultural interests is concerned, they have not shown the same degree of faith in the ability of urban users to respond to price signals. This paper attempts to shed at least some light on this question by examining the responses of a number of State governments across Australia to the NWI. The paper specifically explores the rationale for non-price regulation in the urban context but challenges the long-term viability of this approach.     

供水价格的影响因素分析

简述影响水价的自然、社会、工程和环境因素,探讨水价成本测算、水价制定及执行的目标和原则。     

水利工程供水含税水价计算方法探讨

根据水利工程供水水费纳税的法律依据及各地水费纳税的不同情况,对供水价格中应包括的税种及各类供水含税水价计算方法等进行了探讨,并按不同供水计价方式,分别推导出含税水价的计算公式。提出水利工程供水水费应按服务业税目征收营业税;为农业生产提供灌溉和排涝劳务取得的应税收入免征营业税;水利工程供水经营者如有盈余则应交纳所得税。     

科学优化配置水资源实现城乡供水一体化

论述实施城乡供水一体化的必要性,分析供水工程现状及预测需水量,提出实施淄川区东水西调、西水东调、南部供水3大供水工程联网,利用国内先进的水源监测和无线调度系统,对区域水资源进行合理调度,实现水资源优化配置,促进淄川区社会经济的全面发展。     

长三角城市群环境规制与水资源利用效率

运用超效率SBM模型和Malmquist指数分解模型,对长三角城市群27个城市2012—2018年水资源利用效率进行测算,构建以环境规制为门槛变量的面板门槛模型,分析环境规制对水资源利用效率的影响。研究结果显示:长三角城市群整体水资源利用效率良好,总体全要素生产率呈波动上升趋势;环境规制对于水资源利用效率存在单一门槛效应,当环境规制低于门槛值0.494时,环境规制对水资源利用效率的促进作用不显著,只有环境规制大于门槛值0.494时,才能显著促进水资源利用效率的提高。