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1.
    
The paper estimates an aggregate daily water demand for Sydney using rainfall, temperature, and price data from 2001 to 2005, and a dummy variable to account for reductions in demand following the introduction of water restrictions in October 2003. Analyses based on the estimated price elasticity, and also values one and two standard errors above and below this estimate, are used to model the effects of different pricing and water supply scenarios. The simulations indicate that without a fundamental change in water policy (pricing and supply) Sydney faces the possibility of critical water shortages in the short- to medium-term should there be a continuation of low rainfall events.  相似文献   

2.
成琨  王子欣  孙楠 《水利经济》2024,42(4):7-13
针对学术界在水资源价值与价格方面的理论探索及其实践应用,以及目前水价面临的主要挑战,系统整理并归纳了水资源价值研究进展,水资源定价方法和水资源计价方式的种类、适用范围,以及与价值理论相对应的定价模型。研究结果表明:目前对于水资源多元价值的研究仍处于初级阶段,对水资源多元价值的认识不足;现有定价研究大多从单一角度出发,难以全面涵盖水资源社会价值、市场经济价值以及生态经济综合价值,且单一的计价方式不利于节水目标的实现。未来需要开展多维度评估价值、多角度制定价格以及多种计价方式研究,加强水价改革中市场机制的引入,应特别关注发展较慢的农业水价综合改革,以实现水资源的可持续利用。  相似文献   

3.
    
This paper proposes a market‐based reform that would introduce competition into the provision of urban water. This proposal calls for a decoupling of infrastructure control and ownership of water whereby the property rights to water would be transferred to private hands. The proposal involves periodically allocation (e.g. by auction) of existing water stock held in urban catchments to virtual suppliers who then compete in providing bulk water. This change when coupled with effective third party access and retail competition would lead to a competitive market for the provision of urban water. The approach aims to address concerns over inefficient pricing and infrastructure provision under the current arrangement.  相似文献   

4.
    
Australian urban water utilities face a significant challenge in designing appropriate demand management and supply augmentation policies in the presence of significant water scarcity and climate variability. This article considers the design of optimal demand management and supply augmentation policies for urban water. In particular, scarcity pricing is considered as a potential alternative to the predominant demand management policy of water restrictions. A stochastic dynamic programming model of an urban water market is developed based on data from the ACT region. Given a specification of the demand and supply for urban water state dependent optimal price and investment policies are estimated. The results illustrate how the optimal urban water price varies inversely with the prevailing storage level and how the optimal timing of investment differs significantly between rain dependent and rain independent augmentation options.  相似文献   

5.
为探讨新疆农业水价综合改革对农业用水效率的影响,实现农业节水目标,在农业水价综合改革的制度框架下,归纳了样本地区沙雅县和大河沿子灌区的农业水价综合改革模式,运用超效率SBM模型对样本地区农业用水效率进行了测算;在归纳总结两地改革模式的基础上运用Tobit模型探究了新疆农业水价综合改革影响农业用水效率的主要因素。研究结果表明,两地的农业用水效率总体上呈现波动上升态势,降水量、农业终端水价、是否执行奖补制度对农业用水效率具有正向作用,改革面积、灌溉定额对农业用水效率产生负面影响。  相似文献   

6.
于洋  简迎辉 《水利经济》2017,35(3):22-25
为解决城市供水PPP项目中实物期权的价值合理界定问题,通过分析城市供水PPP项目的期权特性,采用二叉树实物期权定价模型对项目中隐含的期权进行定价,并运用模糊综合评价法对项目的复合期权价值加以完善,建立城市供水项目的价值评估模型,完善了传统的城市供水项目价值评估方法,并通过案例分析,验证了将实物期权法引入到价值评估中有助于合理界定城市供水PPP项目的不确定性价值,准确反映项目的实际价值,从而为投资者提供有效的决策依据。  相似文献   

7.
    
Summary

This paper examines the ability of the hedonic price method to estimate the premium offered by particular housing attributes or environmental characteristics in an urban setting. Problems of non‐separability in variables within an empirical model, suggest that this methodology is not always suitable for the estimation of specific housing attributes, and an alternative approach to this problem is suggested.  相似文献   

8.
    
The search for improved water pricing is central to urban water reform in many countries. Establishing efficient water prices is notoriously difficult, not least because different customers have different demands for water and yet they are presently faced with a one-size-fits-all approach to pricing and service. This is especially challenging where water availability fluctuates widely, as is the case in many parts of Australia, because the impacts of exposure to episodic periods of scarcity can differ markedly. There is now substantial interest in the notion of ‘unbundling’ the water product to provide a better fit between customers' preferences and the level of service received. Following this trend, this study provides important insights into householders' willingness to pay for a range of flexible water options using a choice experiment. The paper reports a relatively underemployed extension to the latent class modelling framework to investigate preference heterogeneity towards urban water products, including purchasing services that involve the provision of environmental and amenity outcomes. The work adds to studies that use choice data to reveal heterogeneity while improving our understanding of household customers' demands. Overall, it also brings into focus questions about the future management of water in urban contexts.  相似文献   

9.
Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.  相似文献   

10.
张岳 《水利经济》2010,28(3):56-58
针对目前江苏省泰州市经济社会发展和水利建设水平已经具备加快城河建设条件的现状,提出要从泰州市经济社会发展的战略高度,将泰州市城河规划纳入泰州市经济社会协调发展规划,与城市规划紧密结合,将城河建设纳入城市水系整治建设,目的是通过科学的治理,全面提升泰州市城河集聚人气的巨大魅力,使泰州市城河成为泰州人近水休闲的好去处。  相似文献   

11.
对离心水泵机组效率与制水单耗进行理论分析,从离心水泵机组效率与供水单耗指标的变化规律分析入手,对供水设备进行技术改造,提出:为降低离心水泵的能耗,在设计和运行管理中不仅要注意使离心水泵在“高效区”工作,更要注意使其在低单耗区工作,要根据具体情况调整离心水泵扬程,尽可能地降低制水成本,提高经济效益。  相似文献   

12.
The traditional necessary condition for futures market inefficiency is the existence of alternative forecasting methods that produce mean squared forecast errors smaller than the futures market. Here, a more exacting requirement for futures market efficiency is proposed—forecast encompassing. Using the procedure of Harvey and Newbold , multiple forecast encompassing is tested using Chicago Mercantile Exchange fluid milk futures. Time series models and USDA experts provide competing forecasts. Results suggest milk futures do not encompass the information contained in the USDA forecasts at a two-quarter horizon. While the competing forecasts generate positive revenues, it is unlikely that returns exceed transaction costs in this relatively new market.  相似文献   

13.
基于2007—2014年南京市用水效率与经济发展的时间序列数据,构建南京市用水效率系统与经济发展系统间的耦合协调度模型,探讨南京市在2007—2014年期间用水效率与经济发展之间的动态均衡关系。首先对用水效率系统和经济发展系统的综合状况进行评价,然后对两系统的耦合协调度进行定量分析。结果表明:2007—2014年南京市用水效率和经济发展水平都有大幅度增长;两者的耦合协调关系在波动中逐渐优化,2007年处于低度协调耦合阶段,2008年处于中度协调耦合阶段,2009—2014年处于高度耦合协调阶段;只有提高用水效率与经济发展并举,才能保持耦合协调度的增长趋势。最后针对用水效率系统和经济发展系统存在的不足,提出在用水效率方面优化用水结构、加强水质污染治理,经济发展方面则调整经济结构、增强经济活力等建议。  相似文献   

14.
研究目的:讨论并检验大规模出让工业用地、限制性供给商住用地情景下土地资源配置如何影响城市经济效率。研究方法:固定效应模型和中介效应模型。研究结果:大规模出让工业用地、限制性供给商住用地的土地资源配置方式对城市经济效率存在持续抑制作用,并且该抑制作用具有明显的区域异质性和城市规模异质性;土地资源配置主要通过产业结构效应、技术创新效应和生态环境效应对城市经济效率产生影响,其中生态环境效应发挥的中介作用更为显著。研究结论:地方政府应因地制宜优化城市土地资源配置,改变用地评价标准,提高土地利用效率;更加注重产业结构转型升级,理性对待城市土地资源优化配置下经济结构服务化问题,实现经济发展和生态环境保护的双赢。  相似文献   

15.
    
Summary

Brown's recent contribution to the valuation accuracy debate raises both technical and philosophical questions about the relationship between value and price. While endorsing Brown's call for more rigour, this paper calls into question the formulation of regression‐based defences of the valuation process and the assumptions about market efficiency on which they are based.  相似文献   

16.
宿晓  倪简  汪蕊 《水利经济》2016,34(6):68-71
通过对已有再生水定价方法进行分析,以基于成本的再生水定价模型为基础,建立了再生水供方最低定价模型;引入排污权交易这一重要因素,得出再生水需方最高定价模型,从而得到较为合理的再生水定价区间,并以常州市为例对上述再生水定价模型进行实证研究,最后讨论了基于排污权交易的再生水定价模型的特点与适用条件。  相似文献   

17.
    
Outdoor water restrictions are usually implemented as bans on a particular type of watering technology (sprinklers), which allow households to substitute for labour-intensive (hand-held) watering. This paper presents a household production model approach to analysing the impact of sprinkler restrictions on consumer welfare and their efficacy as a demand management tool. Central to our empirical analysis is an experimentally derived production function which describes the relationship between irrigation and lawn quality. We demonstrate that for a typical consumer complete sprinkler bans may be little more effective than milder restrictions policies, but are substantially more costly to the household.  相似文献   

18.
孙建光  韩桂兰 《水利经济》2010,28(6):4-6,11
构建了塔里木河流域农业种植结构和产值结构演进优化指数与农业用水结构和用水经济效率结构演进优化指数,在此基础上,分析了农业水价调整对塔里木河流域农业种植结构、增加值结构、用水结构、用水经济效率结构演进优化的作用。结果表明,农业水价调整能够促进农业种植结构、增加值结构、用水结构、用水经济效率结构演进优化,这为未来塔里木河流域农业水价调整提供了依据。  相似文献   

19.
研究目的:利用2006—2021年全国282个地级及以上城市的面板数据,系统考察经济增长目标管理对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响。研究方法:超效率SBM模型,固定效应模型。研究结果:(1)经济增长目标对城市土地绿色利用效率呈现明显的负向影响效应,且这一结论通过了克服内生性等一系列稳健性检验。(2)正式与非正式环境规制均能够减缓经济增长目标对城市土地绿色利用效率的负向影响,且后者的调节效应更强。(3)经济增长目标存在明显的自上而下逐级加码现象,且目标加码行为会对城市土地绿色利用效率产生抑制作用。(4)当目标约束程度为一般约束和硬约束,以及目标完成情况从未完成、正常完成到超额完成时,经济增长目标对城市土地绿色利用效率的负向影响显著且逐渐增强。研究结论:进一步淡化GDP增速在官员绩效考核中的重要性,尽量采用“留有余地”的软约束方式设定经济增长目标,重视环境规制的约束作用。  相似文献   

20.
城市绿地的经济效益分析与评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过环境经济学原理,分析了城市绿地的经济效益可计量性,并开展城市绿地生态效益和社会效益的货币化计量分析,提出城市绿地经济价值评价和成本—效益分析是辅助决策的重要手段。  相似文献   

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