关于多层商住楼和高层商住楼消防给水设计的探讨

商住楼是一种为满足商业和住宿需要修建的建筑类型。目前,商住楼已经成为我国城市火灾,尤其是特大火灾发生的主要场所。关于商住楼的消防给水设计成为给排水设计师钻研的一大课题。现行的《建筑设计防火规范》和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》没有对此类建筑进行明确的规定,各地消防部门对此类建筑的消防意见也不统一,因此造成设计人员在对此类建筑进行消防设计时出现偏差。笔者结合多年商住楼消防给水设计经验,提出对多层和高层商住楼消防给水设计的看法和建议。     

居住区绿化规划设计探讨

居住区的绿化规划,必须以城市生态系统为基础,注重生态效益,以提高居民小区的环境质量,维护和保持城市的生态平衡。因此,运用生态学原理进行居住区绿化地设计是园设计者面临的一个新课题。     

Hard and Soft Densification Policies in the Paris City‐Region

This essay is concerned with the planning and densification of suburbs, which present a huge challenge insofar as they form a large area of urbanized land that remains underexploited due to low residential density. Drawing on current research in the Paris city‐region, the essay focuses specifically on the difficulty in implementing densification policies in low‐rise suburban areas. It examines the varying degrees of densification fostered by these policies, and builds upon recent urban studies literature on suburban change to trace how suburban areas are being transformed through regulations, instruments and market dynamics associated with densification processes. What kinds of densification policy are being implemented and what are the socio‐economic, political and cultural determinants of each type of regulatory approach? This essay will attempt to answer this question via an analysis of the densification policies being put in place in the municipalities of the Paris city‐region. It will offer in turn a typology of these different policies. It shows that densification is an instrument that can be used to address local political concerns which vary greatly depending on the economic, social and geographical position of municipalities within larger urban areas.     

Taking financial frictions to the data

We estimate a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with various financial frictions and analyze how well the model explains the Great Recession. Predictive analysis shows that the model can only slightly better explain the large deviation from trend during the crisis relative to a model without financial frictions. Specifically, the risk premium shock, which is a shock to the external finance premium of the entrepreneurs׳ leverage, explains the largest part of the investment downfall during the crisis. However, the ‘balance sheet’ channel of financial frictions in the model, which structurally links balance sheet conditions of financial intermediaries and nonfinancial borrowers to their borrowing rates, is estimated to be weak. We examine alternative prior specifications for how the financial frictions enter the model and continue to find a limited role for these frictions. Rolling-window estimation provides evidence for substantial time variation in parameters governing financial frictions. We conclude that the well-known financial frictions studied in this paper are not able to explain the financial crisis in a linearized and estimated model.     

提高城市绿化覆盖率的有效途径——垂直绿化——以柳州市垂直绿化现状为例

近几年来,随着城市中高层建筑数量的不断增加,城市建设用地与绿化用地的矛盾日益突出。垂直绿化具有占地少、见效快、绿化量大等优点,不仅能够弥补平地绿化之不足,丰富绿化层次,而且可以强化城市及园林建筑的艺术效果,使城市建筑与环境更加和谐,有助于恢复生态平衡。同时,垂直绿化还是提高城市绿化覆盖率的途径之一。因此,应大力提倡发展城市垂直绿化。     

老旧小区改造模式化推广探究--西安碑林区老旧小区改造为例

在我国社会建设与发展中,对于城镇老旧小区的改造是一项重大的民生工程以及发展工程,可以有效满足社会人民群众对于美好生活的需要,全面推进惠民生、扩内需,助推城市的更新以及开发建设方式的转型,可以促使我国民生工程取得更加良好的成效。文章首先探讨与分析老旧小区改造的重要意义,老旧小区模式化推广的必要性,文中通过实际案例分析,最后提出相应的建议,希望可以为相关企业老旧小区改造工程全面推进贡献出绵薄之力。     

提高城市绿化覆盖率的有效途径——垂直绿化——以柳州市垂直绿化现状为例

近几年来,随着城市中高层建筑数量的不断增加,城市建设用地与绿化用地的矛盾日益突出。垂直绿化具有占地少、见效快、绿化量大等优点,不仅能够弥补平地绿化之不足,丰富绿化层次,而且可以强化城市及园林建筑的艺术效果,使城市建筑与环境更加和谐,有助于恢复生态平衡。同时,垂直绿化还是提高城市绿化覆盖率的途径之一。因此,应大力提倡发展城市垂直绿化。     

小议防范建筑电气安装问题的若干措施

随着新型的住宅区、工厂、公共建筑物的大量兴起,给建筑业的发展带来了勃勃生机,也给建设、设计、监理、施工单位提出了更高的质量要求。为此,研究建筑电气安装过程中出现的问题与预防措施,显得重之又重。     

Determinants of the rate of home ownership of black relative to white households

This paper investigates the reasons for the lower rate of home ownership of black households compared to white households in urban areas. A model of the demand for owner-occupancy by blacks relative to the demand by whites is formulated and econometrically estimated.The principal finding is that a percentage increase in the mean level of black household incomes produces a larger increase in the relative rate of blacks' home ownership than an equivalent reduction in the price of owner-occupied housing which they face. Although significant effects of within market discrimination against blacks as reflected in higher prices of owner-occupied housing to blacks are found, attempts to associate this price premium with measures of residential segregation were unsuccessful.     

Household location in a linear multi-center metropolitan area

The application of monocentric models of residential location to the analysis of metropolitan areas with more than one center of economic activity, produces a distorted view of the spatial distribution of urban variables such as land values, housing prices, etc. This distortion results from the fact that monocentric models tend to underestimate the values of these variables in areas lying between the centers, and yield wider residential areas toward the outskirts of the city. In this paper, a model of household location is developed, which attempts to correct this distortion by simultaneously considering the urban centers during the residential location process.     

城市化进程中的城市文化保护与发展——美国与欧洲城市景观文化取向比较

在城市化进程中,城市建筑衰败在所难免,衰败使中心区古老的建筑群逐渐沦为贫民窟,对城市文化及经济发展产生巨大的负面影响.面对城市中心年代久远的建筑群的衰败,美国与欧洲采取了不同的政策,同时也表现出城市景观文化的取向.本文通过比较分析美国与欧洲城市老城区景观发展政策、城市文化模式及其对城市经济的影响,希望为今日我国快速城市...     

城市中心地的功能结构特点与影响因素演变

认为不同规模的居民点构成中心地等级体系,人口规模与密度仅能提高中心地的市场规模,而不能提升市场的功能等级;区域交通条件的改善在城市化阶段有利于高级中心地的发展,在郊区化与逆城市化阶段则有利于低级中心地的复兴,产生大城市的衰退;世界经济一体化使得小城市可以有大市场,城市功能等级不再取决于人口规模,而是城市竞争力。     

Topographical constraints and urban land supply indexes

This paper develops and applies a method for measuring the extent to which large bodies of water restrict urban land supply. The amount of land available for urban use is the sum of weighted annular areas, net of water, around the urban center. The weights exponentially decrease toward zero with distance from the center at a rate determined by the population density gradient. The method of measurement and the weights are derived from the theory of a monocentric city with a perfectly competitive land market. The method is applied to calculate land supply indexes for the 40 most populous U.S. urban areas in 1980, and indexes over time for two land-filled urban areas. Such indexes can be constructed to account for restrictions imposed by mountains and by zoning. They are useful in empirical studies of land, housing, transportation, and population density.     

Dynamic coordination among heterogeneous agents

We study a dynamic model of coordination with timing frictions and payoff heterogeneity. There is a unique equilibrium, characterized by thresholds that determine the choices of each type of agent. We characterize equilibrium for the limiting cases of vanishing timing frictions and vanishing shocks to fundamentals. A lot of conformity emerges: despite payoff heterogeneity, agents’ equilibrium thresholds partially coincide as long as a set of beliefs that would make this coincidence possible exists. However, the equilibrium thresholds never fully coincide. In case of vanishing frictions, the economy behaves almost as if all agents were equal to an average type. Conformity is not inefficient. In the efficient solution, agents follow others even more often.     

装饰工程预算定额的用途、编制要求及其应用刍议

预算定额是确定单位分项工程或结构构件单价的基价,在按定额计价模式的条件下,它体现了国家、建设单位(业主)和建筑施工企业(承包商)之间的一种经济关系.因此,文章探讨了装饰工程预算定额的用途、编制要求及其应用,以期对相关从业人员有所帮助.     

高层住宅建筑工程施工管理的探讨

随着社会经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的逐渐加快,高层建筑工程项目越来越多,这对工程项目的建设技术和管理人员提出了更高的要求,只有不断提升高层住宅建筑工程施工管理水平,才能够保证高层建筑工程项目持续稳定地开展。论文主要针对高层住宅建筑工程施工管理进行探究。     

Creating the Accessible City

A bstract . Programs and proposals for socially integrating disabled and elderly people have, traditionally, not received a great deal of support. To a limited extent this is changing. A number of social and political factors produced a unique task force in the Houston area which sought to capitalize on the depressed state of real estate and develop independent living situations for disabled people. A study detailed the extent to which large urban areas like Houston become "invisible jails" for the handicapped. The elders and the disabled are often trapped in restrictive living units and are unable to gain access to a city's resources by transportation systems not adapted for them. Several opportunities for creating a barrier free environment were found in an over built residential sector. The responsibilities of urban areas for providing opportunities for all residents are considered.     

公建及高档民用住宅设计及施工专业的科学配合浅析

本文从公建及高档民用住宅的设计、施工现状入手,以专业配合的科学方法为基点,分析了其中配合不完善、不合理的因素、容易出现的问题及有效的解决策略,对高档住宅及公共建筑的科学设计、合理施工有重要的规范作用,有效的促进了建筑设计、施工等各个环节的充分融合与跨越式发展。     

高层住宅建筑施工中防渗漏技术的应用

高层住宅建筑施工越来越多,住宅用户对于建筑的质量要求越来越高,一旦出现渗漏的现象,将会造成用户的不满,而且影响到了高层建筑住宅上的信誉和形象,需要加强对防渗漏施工技术的有效应用,才能够避免出现渗漏的现象,从而保证高层住宅施工的总体质量.本文主要围绕高层建筑防渗漏施工技术的应用整改问题和论述,主要是结合高层住宅建筑的各个...     

Congestable local public goods in an urban setting

In this paper, we recognize two types of unpure local public goods (LPGs): congestable and pollutable. This paper and the forthcoming one (Clubs in an urban setting, mimeo, 1980) are devoted to congestable LPGs (CLPG). In Part I we define, classify, and characterize CLPGs. CLPGs may vary in their degree of congestability between zero, in the case of a pure LPG, and one, in the case of a private good. Spatially, we recognize two types of LPGs: the dispersed LPG (DiLPG) and the concentrated LPG (CoLPG). The first is distributed throughout the residential ring and the second is provided in specific locations to which households must travel. The second part of this paper is devoted to the investigation of the properties of a CDiLPG in an urban setting. The properties of CoLPG are investigated in (Clubs in an urban setting, mimeo, 1980). A version of Samuelson's rule as to the optimal allocation of pure public goods is extended on one hand to local dispersed public goods and on the other hand to CLPGs. Two corrective Pigouvian taxes are identified: congestion tolls levied on households, and a residential land tax. These two taxes cover total government expenditure on the LPG. The fraction of the expenses on the LPG covered by congestion tolls is α, and that covered by land taxes is (1 − α), where α is the degree of congestability. Efficiency can also be achieved by zoning the residential ring and regulating the housing density in it. This procedure may replace taxation and its advantage is that we can control a large number of externalities by a single set of zoning rules and regulations. An a posteriori rule to guide the local government as to the desirability of its actions is provided.