中国大学生生态旅游者的生态意识调查分析研究--以云南大学为例

生态旅游者作为生态旅游活动的主体，其生态意识至关重要。本文以云南大学为例，对当代中国大学生潜在生态旅游者的生态意识进行了调查，并通过与国内外生态旅游者的生态意识调查结果进行对比研究，总结出中国大学生潜在生态旅游者生态意识的特点和规律。     

黄山风景区生态旅游实践研究

生态旅游对于优化产业结构、促进区域可持续发展、推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。本文选取山地型生态旅游地黄山风景区为案例开展实践研究,主要研究内容包括：（1）首先摸清了黄山风景区野生动植物、古树名木、地貌、气候、水体等丰富的生态旅游资源;（2）梳理了黄山风景区在生态旅游者、资源、企业与环境等方面采取的促进生态旅游发展的措施,包括确定合理的景区承载量、封闭轮休精华景点、规范保护古树名木、有效防控松材线虫灾害、严防森林火灾、生态旅游企业改革和科学治理“三废”等;（3）论述了黄山风景区生态旅游发展所取得的经济、社会和生态效益,其效益具有时间和空间的溢出性,对国内外旅游目的地可持续发展起到推动作用。黄山风景区是生态旅游发展的范例地,其区域发展、法规标准和多主体参与等一系列生态旅游保护与利用实践为国内外风景名胜区发展生态旅游提供了宝贵经验。     

国内外生态旅游者行为与态度特征的比较研究——以北京市百花山自然保护区为例

国外很早就开始对生态旅游者的研究予以关注,而国内相关的实证研究较缺乏.伴随生态旅游在我国的日益普及,介绍国外相关研究结论,对比国内外生态旅游者的行为与态度特征差异,将有助于探索适合我国生态旅游发展的道路与模式.以北京市百花山自然保护区为例,在明确区分生态旅游者和一般游客的基础上,从人口统计、动机、环境态度等方面探讨了中外生态旅游者的特征差异,并针对性地提出若干管理建议.     

生态旅游概念的研究

通过分析生态旅游的提出和国内外研究的现状,文章将现有生态旅游概念系统地归纳为5种学说,即"保护中心说"、"居民利益中心说"、"回归自然说"、"负责任说"、"原始荒野说",并分别进行了深入剖析.在此基础上,作者从生态旅游产生的背景、生态旅游的市场、生态旅游的资源、生态旅游者的动机和出游目的等角度,全面阐述了生态旅游的真实内涵,并提出了具有市场操作性的生态旅游概念.     

论生态旅游的双向责任模式

基于传统大众旅游弊端提出的生态旅游，最大的特点就是具有责任性。围绕生态旅游的责任性的旅游开发和管理实践在世界各地均有积累，但缺乏系统的理论提炼。本文从责任的双向性为切入点，在分析传统大众旅游的单向责任模式和早期生态旅游的单向责任模式的基础上，提出了生态旅游双向责任模式。进而比较三种旅游责任模式的差别，最后从自然生态旅游目的地、社区生态旅游目的地和生态旅游者三个方面来探索生态旅游双向责任模式实现的途径。     

生态伦理视角下的生态脆弱地区乡村旅游发展路径探析——以都江堰虹口乡为例

受汶川地震影响,都江堰虹口乡成为生态脆弱地区,用生态伦理观引导该地区乡村旅游发展意义重大。基于生态伦理学研究视角,通过对都江堰虹口乡地方政府、旅游企业、当地村民和旅游者的实地调查,探索其乡村旅游发展中存在的问题。结果表明:地方政府未充分认识到自身生态环境保护的道德和义务,旅游开发利益分配协调不佳;旅游企业管理者生态伦理意识缺失、偏离,旅游从业人员生态伦理意识淡薄;村民环境保护意识欠缺,忽视乡土文化的保护和传承;旅游者生态伦理意识不强,缺乏对地方文化应有的尊重。为此,建议虹口乡地方政府培育乡域生态伦理风尚,协调各方利益;旅游企业应善待自然,提高员工生态意识;村民要树立环境友好精神,传承乡土文化;旅游者应坚持绿色消费,尊重乡土文化。     

浅谈生态旅游教育功能的实现途径

生态旅游在保护生态环境、维护生态多样性、引导游客树立生态保护意识以及约束游客行为等方面有着积极作用，充分体现了其教育功能。文章通过研究生态旅游教育功能的内容及目标，了解生态旅游教育功能的影响因素，总结生态旅游教育功能的实现途径，以期为生态环境的保护和游客生态意识的培养打下良好的基础。     

从生态旅游的三大效益再论生态旅游活动的形式--兼与刘德谦先生商榷

生态旅游理论与实践面临的核心问题是：其追求的三大效益之间由于存在复杂的关系而难以同时达到最大化。如果严格限制所有的生态旅游为特殊专项化的活动形式，则存在许多未解决的问题。为了达到生态旅游持续的综合效益最大化，我们应该遵循生态经济学的原则和规律，同时引入技术手段，根据不同生态旅游系统的旅游承载量来开展不同形式的生态旅游活动，而对于人工自然型地域生态旅游系统则应积极开发大众化的生态旅游产品。     

国家公园生态旅游的本土化路径研究

中国生态旅游资源丰富,生态旅游发展潜力巨大,但实践的泛化造成生态旅游发展陷入困境,生态旅游形象受损。如何利用国家公园建设契机塑造有影响力的生态旅游品牌,是一个亟待研究的课题。在梳理中外生态旅游实践的基础上,本文认为,基于文化观念、生态资源与实践环境等差异,中国国家公园开展生态旅游需立足国情,建议重点从5个方面探索本土化路径：一是明确开展生态旅游的现实目标是生态资源的安全,价值目标是人与自然和谐相处;二是明晰生态旅游的内涵与外延,以此严格界定生态旅游实践内容与形式;三是重点从良性互动的社区参与和科学的自然解说系统两个方面,加强生态旅游科学实践,重塑生态旅游形象;四是利用研学旅行和自然教育等生态产品消费契机,提升公众生态文明素养;五是加强生态旅游制度建设,推动国家公园成为生态旅游和生态文明建设的示范基地。     

语言生态视角下生态旅游景区语言景观建设新路径探索

<正>语言生态是生态文明建设的重要内容之一,旅游景区加强语言景观建设,有助于进一步提高景区建设水平,同时这也是体现城市生态文明的重要窗口。从语言生态角度探讨生态旅游景区语言景观建设新路径,有助于推动生态文明建设战略的实施,切实有效地加强生态文明建设。     

Profiling Taiwanese Ecotourists Using a Self-definition Approach

Numerous studies have profiled ecotourists but these have been done mainly in the context of North American ecotourists. This study provides one of the few examinations of the rapidly developing Asian ecotourism market in the context of domestic visitation to Taiwan's Taroko National Park. The study uses an innovative self-defined approach to defining an ecotourist. Findings include demographic results, benefits sought, travel motivation, and activities. Comparisons between Taiwanese and North American ecotourists are also made.     

Ecotourism and the Conservation Ethic: Recruiting the Uninitiated or Preaching to the Converted?

Ecotourism is being promoted as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, although critics suggest that it may be just as damaging because it encourages increased use of natural areas. One of ecotourism's claimed benefits is the promotion of pro-environment attitudes and behaviours. However, this may not occur if ecotourists are already 'converted' to the pro-environment cause. To test this claim, a study was undertaken of ecotourists visiting Lamington National Park in southeast Queensland. A pre-/post-visit questionnaire survey was conducted on-site, as well as a follow-up mail-out survey four months later. This paper presents results of that study in terms of four ecotourist groups. Results indicate that ecotourism can increase environmental knowledge and influence conservation views and behaviours. Of the four groups, coach day tour visitors were the least pro-environment initially but had relatively strong ecotourist motivations. They achieved the highest gains in knowledge and in the short term were influenced the most by the visit. In the long term, respondents who were the most pro-environment and who had learnt most during their visit were influenced the most. Therefore, for immediate effects of the experience on the uninitiated to endure, motivations need to be stimulated to encourage further involvement in and learning about nature. The question remains as to whether encouraging such involvement will have net benefits for the environment.     

The Socially Aware Baby Boomer: Gaining a Lifestyle-Based Understanding of the New Wave of Ecotourists

As the Baby Boomers approach retirement, tourism, in general, is expected to increase among members of this generation. This increase in travel is expected to be accompanied by a surge of interest in ecotourism—resulting in a new wave of ecotourists, over the next quarter century. This four-nation analysis of the post-war Baby Boom generation in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States (the CANZUS countries) argues that Baby Boomers should be segmented by their lifestyle characteristics, in order to isolate the best prospects for ecotourism. Data are presented to show that the prime-prospect ecotourist among Baby Boomers is in the Socially Aware lifestyle group, in Australia, and its counterparts in the other CANZUS populations—Autonomous Rebels in Canada, Educated Liberals in New Zealand, and Actualisers in the United States. Additional data on the travel motives and value priorities of Socially Aware Baby Boomers give a fuller picture of this group. Members of the Baby Boom generation are currently experiencing middle age; the psychological implications of this life stage for ecotourism activity are also given. Strategy pointers are offered for the ecotourism manager, given the growing importance of the Socially Aware Baby Boomer as an ecotourist.     

基于行为与态度的生态旅游市场构成研究--以太白山国家森林公园为例

生态旅游者作为生态旅游活动的主体，其行为特征的研究至关重要。本文以太白山森林公园为例，对旅游者行为特征进行了调查研究，将其划分为一般生态旅游者和比较严格的生态旅游者，并对二者特征进行了对比研究，提出了与周边行政区联合开发等策略。     

Toward an ecological civilization: Mass comprehensive ecotourism indications among domestic visitors to a Chinese wetland protected area

Large-scale park-visitor symbiosis remains an aspiration despite the need for new models to address the challenges of managing contemporary protected area systems. A survey of 1050 visitors to the Red Beach National Scenic Corridor in Northeast China, however, indicates a latent potential, with 36.0% qualifying as “enthused ecotourists” and 32.4% as “ecotourists” based on claimed adherence to basic ecotourism characteristics. Another 17.2% are “hands-on greens” also amenable to participation in on-site park enhancement activities but neutral about nature learning. “Ambivalents” account for the remaining 14.4% of the sample. High overall proclivity to participate, report misbehavior, and behave in a more environmentally responsible manner as a result of their Red Beach visit constitutes a basis for mass comprehensive ecotourism that can achieve park-visitor symbiosis and contribute significantly to the creation of an ecological civilization, as long as attendant strategies incorporate distinctive Chinese tendencies in ecotourism and outdoor recreation.     

Self-identification of ecotourists

Although ecotourism has frequently been examined in the literature, a consensus has not yet been reached globally as to what constitutes ecotourism. This paper suggests an alternative to the continuing debates among tourism researchers regarding their own views on what ecotourism should be and on who ecotourists are. Instead, this paper contends that tourists’ own self-interpretations of ecotourism and self-identification of ecotourists may be a more meaningful and practical way forward. This study examines the ecotourism market for West Virginia by applying this self-identification approach. The results indicate that 39.4% of respondents knew about the term “ecotourism”, and that 22.2% or 12.0 million of the state's visitors in 2008 were ecotourists. By comparison to non-ecotourists, these self-identified ecotourists were found to be more environmentally concerned and responsible, more dedicated to nature, more supportive of tourism accreditation programs, and more likely to patronize businesses with good environmental practices, even at a higher cost. This has significant implications for sustainable tourism development in the state as these findings can help to convince tourism operators who may see the potential benefits through being involved in a certification program proposed by West Virginia Department of Protection. Research limitations and future research needs are discussed.     

Ecotourists' Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan,Sabah, Malaysia

This paper presents the empirical findings of an exploratory qualitative study which looks at ecotourists' perceptions of ecotourism experiences in Sabah, Malaysia in order to identify the expressive dimensions that describe the quality of their experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with European ecotourists who stayed at two ecolodges in Sukau. Positive and negative experiences were identified from an analysis of the expressive dimensions of their service experience. The findings show that the ecotourists' experience is multidimensional. Respondents place particular emphasis on the ecotourism activities in which they physically engage at the sites and the natural environment in which they are located; their interaction with the site service staff; socialisation with other ecotourists, and the information acquired during the visit. The six expressive dimensions describing the positive experience are consistent with previous research. The study explores understanding of ecotourists' experience in the ecotourism environment – an under-researched area. The paper points out that the evaluation of quality of experience appears to involve both attributes – functional elements that are provided by the service suppliers and affective/emotional elements that are brought about by the ecotourists themselves.     

Ecotourism social media initiatives in China

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of social media by ecotourism management agencies and how this potentially changes the relationship between the ecotourist and the natural environment. It examines the meaning of ecotourism and the way that social media shapes visitor perceptions and meaning through an examination of the content of 775 Sina microblog postings from five leading ecotourism site management agencies in China. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the social media postings, a series of semi-structured interviews was also conducted with followers and management agencies. The findings provide an enhanced understanding of ecotourism marketing and its impacts on the ecotourist while also creating a framework for the use of social media to market ecotourism. The framework outlines the importance of the meanings associated with this form of communication through its promotional appeal to tourists and the outcomes for both the ecotourist and site management.     

Accurately Identifying and Comparing Sustainable Tourists,Nature-Based Tourists,and Ecotourists on the Basis of Their Environmental Concerns

The current study, using a confirmatory factor analysis, developed a multi-item scale consisting of 3 dimensions that exhibited necessary reliability and validity. Based on this Nature-Based, Eco- and Sustainable Tourists (NES)-scale, and by utilizing a cluster analysis, the study identifies 4 distinct segments among a sample of the Norwegian population: nature-based tourists, ecotourists, sustainable tourists, and mass tourists. The analysis shows that while the ecotourists make up the largest segment, the mass tourists represent the smallest segment. Using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the resulting 4 segments are later compared on the basis of their environmental concerns. The findings suggest that the ecotourists are the most environmentally concerned whereas the mass tourists are the least environmentally concerned. Finally, based upon the overall findings of the study, a new inductive model is developed. This model highlights the interaction between different types of alternative tourists and mass tourists, by showing, inter alia, that nature-based tourism has over the years become a form of mass tourism. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are also discussed.