China's National Champions: The Evolution of a National Industrial Policy—Or a New Era of Economic Protectionism?

In this article we ask a series of related research questions concerning China's recent industrial policies, particularly the 10th and 11th five‐year economic policy plans. Our questions go to the nature of China's long‐term competitiveness of its national champions, and to what extent Chinese government policies are evolving to domestic protectionism that adversely affects foreign invested enterprises' (FIEs) competitive position in the Chinese economy. We thus evaluate the nature of the five‐year economic policy plans, their adverse impact on FIEs operating in China, and the rise of designated Chinese national champions (in the 11th five‐year economic policy plan) to compete with major FIEs on a global scale. However, we suggest that the role of the Chinese government's recent industrial policy, when compared to Michael Porter's “Diamond of National Competitive Advantage” recommended government policy approaches, may not augur well in the long‐term for China's national champions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Implementing global corporate citizenship: An integrated business framework

Recent economic, social-political, and natural disasters have all served to highlight the fragility of the global marketplace. As such, it is no longer questioned as to whether or not companies should be good corporate citizens; that is a given. Rather, concern in the 21^st century centers on how businesses can become better global corporate citizens. Unfortunately, without clear guidance regarding how this may be accomplished, global corporate citizenship will remain a fringe activity and not become a critical component of an organization's core business strategy. The integrated framework presented herein identifies key elements and tips for implementing a business-based approach to global corporate citizenship.     

北京市文化产业竞争力的实证研究

文化产业已成为社会进步和经济增长的重要引擎,而发展文化产业的核心问题是提高文化产业竞争力。本文通过建立文化产业竞争力评价指标体系,对北京市文化产业竞争力进行了实证分析,进而发现北京市文化产业竞争力的优势和不足,并提出相关政策建议。     

The transactional ethic: The ethical foundations of free enterprise reconsidered

A review of the evolution of the ethical foundations of free enterprise reveals the essentially utilitarian ethical foundation prevailing today. To enrich those foundations the article attempts to establish the ethical validity of free transactions by relating them to the basic principle of interpersonal ethics: the Golden Rule. The validity of the transactional ethic is presented as an articulation of freedom in a valid social and economic context. Jeffrey A. Barach is Professor of Management, A. B. Freeman School of Business, Tulane University. His DBA ('67), MBA ('61), and AB ('56) are from Harvard. His interests include business ethics, business policy and marketing. He has published articles and cases in these areas and on pedagogy. His text Individual, Business, and Society was published in 1977. Recent articles concern social marketing (Business Horizons), management of family firms (Sloan Management Review), and the ethics of hardball (California Management Review).John B. Elstrott, Jr., is the Sponsored Research Coordinator at the Freeman School of Business, Tulane University. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Colorado (1975). His interests include business ethics, entrepreneurship, economic development, and environmental economics. He is working on several interdisciplinary research projects including one on economic evaluation of solid waste management alternatives. Dr. Elstrott is an active entrepreneur and serves on the board of several profit and not for profit corporations.     

Economics and ethics

Business theory and management practices are outgrowths of basic economic principles. To evaluate the proper place of ethics in business, the meaning of ethics as defined by economic theory must be assessed. This paper contends that classical economic thought advocates a nonethical decision-making context and is not functional for a modern complex, interdependent environment. Bernard J. Reilly, Professor of Management and Health Policy, came to Widener in September of 1980. Since coming to Widener he has published and presented over 90 professional papers in the fields of management and health administration, in such journals as Academy of Management Review, Inquiry, Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law, Human Relations, Hospital and Health Services Administration, Social Science and Medicine, Personnel, etc., and at several national conferences on organizational behavior and health policy. He is presently working on two books, the first on modern management principles, and the second on corporate business ethics. Recently, Dr. Reilly was awarded the Christian R. and Mary K. Lindback Foundation Award for distinguished teaching. Forthcoming articles will appear in Business and Professional Ethics Journal and Technology Management. Myroslaw J. Kyj, Associate Professor of Marketing at Widener University, has been involved in the research areas of the use of customer service in competition, pre-conditions for marketing channels and the inter-play between marketing, ethics, and social responsibility. Dr. Kyj has recently published several articles in such journals as Industrial Marketing Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Marketing, Journal of Services Marketing, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, and a forthcoming article in Business Horizons.     

产业国际竞争力文献综述

世界经济全球化,一体化的特征在当今的世界环境中表现显著,产业国际竞争成为世界范围内的一项重要的课题,国内外的专家学者和相关的研究机构都做了大量的理论或实证性研究,但对于各国的主要或特色产业竞争力之间缺乏系统全面的思考。学术界对于产业国际竞争力中的产业研究范围很广,诸如医药卫生、教育、文化产业等一系列产业学术界都有所涉猎,但是这些研究之间都没有形成自己的体系,仅仅对产业的国际竞争力进行了简单的分析,还存在较多的问题和可以探究的地方值得我们去学习。通过借鉴和总结各国产业国际竞争力的研究内容,进行综述,从中找出研究成果的特点,从而为今后的进一步研究打下坚实的基础。     

构建高技术产业竞争力评价体系的思考

随着全球经济一体化进程加快,产业竞争力已成为一个国家或地区经济发展的重要因素,理论界对产业竞争力的研究也在不断深化,在产业竞争力内涵、评价指标、理论依据和测评买践等方面的研究取得了可喜的进展。随着高技术产业的迅速兴起,高技术产业已成为世界各国争夺的战略制高点,但是,理论界对高技术产业竞争力的研究尚在起步阶段,本文对目前有关竞争力问题的研究作了系统分析和综合,厘清高技术产业和高新技术产业的区别,提出构建高技术产业竞争力评价体系的一些新思路。     

Employee job rights: Foundation considerations

Employee job rights have become a controversial issue, with some courts ruling employees have a fundamental right in retaining their job. Employment at will and assigning the worker a property right to his job are examined from three paradigms of social interaction. An alternative model is presented, and is more consistent with each of the three paradigms. Rick Molz is Assistant Professor of Management at Clarkson University. He was Vice-president of the Hickson Electric Corp. from 1975–1981. His articles have appeared in such journals as The Journal of Business Strategy and Business Horizons.     

False Promises? A Sociological Critique of the Behavioural Turn in Law and Economics

Economic bestsellers like Freakonomics and Nudge that mainly address outsiders of the economic discipline are also consumed by lawyers. The latter has already become an important reference in the field of consumer law and policy. In principle, this is nothing to complain about but part of law’s encounter with science, namely the social sciences. Notably, the law and economics movement proved successful in importing economic perspectives into legal discourse. However, it would seem questionable if the law followed each trend on the academic book market. While there has been an increasing emphasis on economic perspectives at the expense of sociological perspectives within the field of law, economy, and society, a major shift can now also be observed in the field of law and economics. With the behavioural turn in law and economics, homo oeconomicus seems to be transformed into Homer Economicus, and consumer law prone to be Simpsonized. In this paper, the turn from neoclassical law and economics to behavioural law and economics will be analysed from a third, namely sociological perspective: the economic sociology of law. In this framework, it is possible to compare and confront the “old” homo oeconomicus rationalis and the “new” homo oeconomicus behaviouralis with a third model—homo oeconomicus culturalis—which demonstrates the limits of the previous models, not least with regard to explaining the recent financial crisis. While governance by nudges might look, at first sight, as a tempting idea, I will question the normative side of this project and emphasize its possible effects on our legal culture and, thereby, our human condition.     

A content analysis of ethical policy statements regarding marketing activities

Many large corporations now have written codes of ethics to guide the business/marketing activities of employees. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and types of topics which are covered in the ethics policy statements of large U.S. corporations. The results indicated that the topics covered most often (respectively) were: misuse of funds/improper accounting, conflicts of interest, political contributions, and confidential information. It is concluded that in addition to written ethics policy statements, top management should communicate ethical values and demonstrate by example. Robert E. Hite (Ph.D. University of Arkansas) is Associate Professor of Marketing at Kansas State University. His textbook is entitled Managing Salespeople, and his articles have appeared in such journals as the Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Business Research, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, and Industrial Marketing Management. Joseph A. Bellizzi (Ph.D. University of Nebraska) is Associate Professor of Marketing at Kansas State University. He was previously employed by Hilti Fastening systems as a Market Research analyst. His articles have appeared in such journals as the Journal of Business Research, Journal of Advertising Research, and Journal of Retailing. Cynthia Fraser (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Associate Professor of Marketing at Kansas State University. Her research interests are international marketing and marketing models. Her articles have appeared in such journals as the Journal of Consumer Research and Industrial Marketing Management.     

基于因子分析视角的省域经济竞争力变化研究

省域经济竞争力及其变化对省域经济政策的制定、经济协调发展具有重要的现实意义。因子分析可以把复杂的数据用较少的综合指标来表达,是探索潜在因素的有效方法。通过对2000年、2005年、2010年数据,对全国31个省域经济竞争力进行统计分析,可以进一步探索影响省域经济竞争力的因素和内在规律,以期得到客观的评价结果。     

Institutions,Governance and Economic Growth in the EU: Is There a Role for the Lisbon Strategy?

While European economic integration and in particular the single European market often appear to be only a smallest common denominator in the EU, they condition the economic policy framework facing Member States and have been instrumental in putting governance patterns into motion. The Lisbon Agenda is a case in point. Motivated by competitiveness concerns, it outlines an economic and social strategy meant to relaunch the EU within the changed setting of world-wide competition and a knowledgebased economy. Its success ultimately hinges on whether the necessary coordination to implement policies with an EU rationale can be achieved so as to realise the efficiency properties of the internal market. *and Research Fellow at IEEI **and National Institute for Public Administration (INA). This paper stems from the authors' joint research and teaching on European Economics at the University of Victoria, Canada, at INA and at the University of Aveiro in 2005 and 2006 and is part of an FCT research project on Economic Growth, Convergence and Institutions (research grant POCI/EGE/55423/2004, partially funded by FEDER).     

A review of social roles in green consumer behaviour

Despite the broad interest and rapid increase in studying green consumer behaviour (GCB) from a social perspective, related articles have been presented in a piecemeal fashion and have lacked a review of social roles in GCB. Additionally, the research focus may differ from the influence of digital technology. Therefore, this study draws on a review of 439 GCB articles that focus on social roles and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative analyses to provide a general picture of theories, social factors, research topics and topic trends with a specific emphasis on the research differences between the traditional and digital contexts. The findings indicate that the GCB field has experienced exponential growth since 2014. Subjective norms, social influence, culture, marketing influence and social media influence are the main drivers of GCB. Eight research topics are identified, among which topics on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the theory of consumption values (TCV) maintained high popularity. Furthermore, the TPB is more prevalent in the traditional context in which scholars prefer to predict GCB using macrosocial factors, such as policy and culture. In comparison, signal theory and commitment-trust theory have received more attention in the digital context in which trust is vital. Research interests in online platforms and green hotels have recently increased in the digital context. Gaps and suggested directions for future studies are further identified.     

基于层次分析模型对旅游产业竞争力的研究 ——以梅州客家文化旅游区为例

为切实增强梅州市客家文化旅游区竞争力,通过文献分析法以及田野分析法提炼出梅州市客家文化旅游区评价指标因素,采取层次分析法构建梅州客家文化旅游产业竞争力模型,从外部环境、内部环境、经济发展、发展潜力四个维度对旅游业专业人士开展问卷调查,最终确定各个因素权重。在此基础上,通过对权重结果的分析,探索出目前梅州市客家文化旅游产业需要从区开发管理能力、基础设施、地理位置、交通条件和政策完备性五个要素进行改善,提出要从挖掘品牌、集群建设、基础设施建设、旅游人才培训、加快经济发展等方面进行重点建设,为政府提升当地文化旅游区竞争力提供有益借鉴。     

Bedeutung der Energieeffizienz für die Energiewende

The increase of the share of renewables in Germany’s energy mix will not emerge from market mechanisms, and hence the costs of externalities have to be distributed among market participants. In order to preserve their competitiveness, energy intensive industries in Germany are exempt from these costs, which in turn leads to a surplus load for remaining consumers. In the context of an efficient energy system transformation, this policy measure is questionable. Even if high electricity prices lead to higher input costs in the short term, an exception for energy intensive industries cannot be justified. On the contrary, this mechanism impedes incentives for investments in energy efficiency and therefore reduces competitiveness in the long term.     

The Impact of Article Method Type and Subject Area on Article Citations and Reference Diversity in JM,JMR, and JCR

It has been argued that the scientific status of the marketing discipline is reflected in both the ability of its articles to be cited and the degree to which its articles draw from a diverse set of reference sources. We combine a content analysis of a sample of 561 JM, JMR, and JCR articles with a citation analysis and reference analysis of those same articles to investigate the impact of article method type and subject area on article citation rates and reference diversity. Our results reveal that verbal-theory and field study papers are both more likely to be cited and more likely to draw from a wide variety of journal and disciplinary reference sources. The results also reveal that services/customer satisfaction and general theory and philosophy of science articles are generally more likely to be cited than other subject areas, although services/customer satisfaction articles are also less likely to rely on a diverse set of references.     

Heterogeneous effects of competitiveness shocks on macroeconomic performance across euro area countries

This paper considers how competitiveness impacts macroeconomic performance in 11 euro area countries. VAR models are estimated for the individual countries using quarterly data from 1995Q4 to 2013Q4. Besides unit labour costs as a competitiveness measure, the models include GDP, the current account balance and domestic credit. The empirical analyses show that changes in unit labour costs help explain GDP dynamics in the short and medium term in most countries, whereas they have little explanatory power for the current account balance or domestic credit for most countries. Overall, the effects of the unit labour costs vary substantially across the countries in the euro area. The heterogeneity suggests that policy measures aiming to improve economic growth, correct current account imbalances and ensure financial stability need to take country‐specific features into account.     

Brazil Post‐Lula: Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Brazilian Business Environment

The Brazilian economy indicates great potential for future economic growth. An increasing and affluent middle class, expanding exports, and foreign reserves are testimonies of Brazil's recent accomplishments. The country, however, still faces a number of challenges that may compromise its sustainable long‐term economic goals and objectives. This article focuses on the Luiz Inacio “Lula” da Silva government's economic performance. The article's main findings show increasing bottlenecks being created as a result of the Lula government's eight years of low economic growth rates, which have penalized the country's competitiveness. The newly elected president, Dilma Rousseff, will inherit a substantial investment deficit in the areas of infrastructure, education, health care, research and development (R&D), and innovation, as well as Brazil's worst public debt/gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in the past 100 years. These conditions will prevent Brazil from growing and developing at faster rates. This article also elaborates on Dilma Rousseff's most recent statements and discusses likely future paths for the Brazilian economy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Germany’s enduring current account surplus

The Federal Republic of Germany’s balance of payments has been in the black for years, a record unparallelled by any other major country since the Second World War. Proceeding from status quo assumptions, the surpluses are unlikely to decline in the medium term, either.¹ Can they be endured? Do they really pose no serious problem, as current debate on national economic policy suggests?     

China’s open-door policy and its significance for transformation of the economic system

The open-door policy of the People’s Republic of China is entering its 14th year in 1993. Petra Pissula and Dieter Lösch¹ presented a report in 1990 in which they took stock of the successes and failures of this policy by taking the special economic zones as an example, and they tended to assess China’s future foreign trade activities pessimistically. Further progress has occurred in the open-door policy since that time, so that a revised evaluation is necessary. The aim of the present article is to show the more recent developments and problems and to examine the relationships between reforms and the open-door policy, particularly from the point of view of system transformation.