中国航空业应对欧盟“碳贸易壁垒”的对策建议

2011年3月8日,欧盟正式通过将航空产业纳入其碳排放交易体系的决议。从2012年1月1日开始,欧盟将实行超过排放限额的各国航空公司需要缴纳碳排放边境调节税的规定。由此,发达国家的碳贸易壁垒已经渗透到国际服务贸易领域。文章从欧盟对各国航空业征收碳费问题入手,研究边境碳税调节措施的运行机制和政策效果,分析了欧盟的碳交易体系与世界贸易组织相关规则的一致性,提出中国航空业应对欧盟碳贸易壁垒的对策建议。     

WTO框架下欧盟知识产权边境措施适用于过境货物之合法性分析

当今,不少国家或地区的知识产权执法权限日益扩张,并与贸易自由、尤其是过境自由的法律制度相冲突。这一冲突近年来在针对过境货物的知识产权边境措施中凸显,包括荷兰在内的欧盟国家频繁扣押过境货物,其中不少涉及我国出口的货物。2010年5月,印度就仿制药扣押案正式通过WTO向欧盟提起磋商。2011年7月印度和欧盟已达成了一项临时性谅解协议,①但这只是暂时解决了欧盟与印度之间针对通用名药的纷争,远未解决欧盟边境措施本身的合法性问题。本文旨在研究欧盟的立法和司法实践,分析其在GATT和TRIPS协定项下的合法性,并简述我国的应对措施。     

中国与欧盟制成品产业内贸易及其影响因素

本文采用Grubel-Llyod指数,对中国与欧盟制成品产业内贸易水平及其影响因素进行了探讨。研究发现,中国与欧盟整体的制成品贸易以产业内贸易为主,但对不同的欧盟国家以及不同类型的制成品产业,其产业内贸易水平与发展趋势有着较大的差异。通过计量分析,认为欧盟国家的市场规模、对外开放水平、对华直接投资、研发水平以及中国与欧盟国家的市场规模差异等变量,均对中欧制成品产业内贸易水平有显著影响,但这种影响对于不同类型的制成品产业是不一样的。     

欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国—东盟绿色低碳发展的影响及应对

欧盟碳边境调节机制的构建标志着全球正在形成以气候变化为主题的国际贸易新格局。东盟逐渐超越欧盟成为中国第一大贸易合作伙伴,并在气候变化领域建立全面战略伙伴关系。贸易保护下的欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国与东盟的碳定价主动权、能源结构转型的主动性、绿色低碳领域等方面的进一步合作产生了影响,试图以碳关税形式重掌国际气候变化话语权。基于欧盟碳边境调节机制的实施要点及本身的适配性冲突,探讨中国与东盟绿色低碳合作的基础与前景,从坚定多边主义、完善法律及相关配套制度机制、提高绿色低碳合作战略定位、积极同欧盟进行减排义务磋商、发挥资源互补优势、探索绿色金融合作前景等方面找寻中国—东盟合作应对之策,最大限度减少碳边境调节机制的冲击与影响。     

欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国的挑战与机遇

2021年7月14日,欧盟委员会出台了一揽子环保提案,其中包括欧盟“欧盟碳边境调节机制”(CBAM)法规提案。欧盟希望通过这一政策工具鼓励其他国家减少温室气体排放,从而逐步实现温室气体减排和“碳中和”目标。中国作为欧盟进口的主要来源国,必将受到“欧盟碳边境调节机制”实施的相应冲击。政策制定者面临的问题是如何有效应对CBAM政策的实施。通过梳理相关文献,发现CBAM政策的实施不仅会给中国的出口行业带来挑战,同样也会给中国的低碳转型提供巨大机遇。通过详细论述CBAM给中国带来的挑战与机遇,在最后提出中国积极有效应对CBAM的相关政策建议。     

欧盟国家低碳经济发展的相关政策和制度安排

本文通过介绍欧盟低碳经济发展的三个理论基础,分析了其实施低碳经济理念的理论支撑;另外总结回顾了欧盟所制定的一系列具体且严格的温室气体减排政策和目标,其目的是有效地推进欧盟低碳经济进程的发展。现阶段欧盟的整体碳排放呈现下降趋势,其低碳经济战略已初见成效。对于其中的原因,此处主要探讨了欧盟国家在低碳经济发展中采取的措施:政策的支持和两大税收制度,即碳税制度和碳排放权交易制度。以上对于欧盟低碳经济发展的分析,对我国经济、环境的可持续发展具有极大的借鉴意义。     

欧盟碳边境调节机制与中国对欧盟出口贸易的研究

2022年3月15日,欧盟正式通过欧盟碳边境调节机制立法草案。欧盟是我国最大的贸易伙伴,碳边境调节机制的全面实施将对我国产品出口欧盟带来巨大的挑战。因此,探究欧盟碳边境调节机制的实施对我国对欧盟成员国出口贸易的影响具有重要意义。本文基于中国对欧盟成员国出口贸易的现状分析,采用GTAP模型科学预测并评估欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国对欧盟国家的出口贸易产生的影响。结果表明,欧盟国家对中国出口产品征收碳关税会使部分高碳产业产出量下降或出口量减少,从而抑制我国的出口贸易,并且会对中国和欧盟国家的经济发展构成威胁,造成双损局面。当中国采取同欧盟国家相同碳税标准对国内产品征收关税时,中国实际GDP、各行业产量均大幅下降,即使部分行业的出口量增加,但中国经济整体增速放缓。因此,面对欧盟碳边境调节机制即将施行的现实,中国应进一步完善我国的税收体系,引导资源有效配置,优化产业结构绿色升级,以促进我国对欧盟出口贸易的健康发展。     

欧盟新普惠制下中国的应对之策

普惠制是发达国家给予发展中国家的一种关税优惠制度.中国是欧盟普惠制较大的一个受益国.由于新的欧盟普惠制方案于2014年1月1日正式生效,1年过渡期后欧盟对中国实施普惠制国家毕业,势必对中国出口企业在欧盟市场上的竞争力造成一定影响.因此,有必要在了解欧盟新普惠制方案的主要特点、分析对中国的影响的基础上,积极寻求对应之策.     

欧盟反倾销调查与中国对欧出口贸易间关系 研究：基于ARDL-ECM 模型的分析

欧盟对华反倾销问题是当前中欧经贸关系进程中的重大问题,本文采用ARDL模型和边界检验技术,实证分析欧盟对华反倾销与中国对欧出口之间的长、短期关系。结果显示,我国对欧出口与欧盟GDP、出口商品价格、反倾销之间存在协整关系。根据协整分析,长期内欧盟对华反倾销并未抑制我国对欧出口贸易,相反,反倾销在一定程度上推动了对欧出口规模;欧盟成员国收入水平对出口贸易有较大的促进作用;出口价格变动对出口抑制效应不明显。     

欧盟反垄断的有关做法及启示

2014年10月17日与21~22日,国家发展和改革委员会价格监督检查与反垄断局与欧盟委员会竞争总司联合举办了中欧国家援助控制研讨会和中欧竞争周活动,对有关反垄断问题进行了研讨,对我国反垄断执法工作具有积极的借鉴意义。一、欧盟国家援助控制制度10月17日,中欧国家援助控制研讨会在北京举行。欧盟竞争总司有关官员介绍了其国家援助控制制度的有关情况。国家援助(State Aid)是指欧盟成     

通胀目标法:理论分析与效用实践

通胀目标法是西方国家近年来出现的一种新兴的货币政策目标法,它对提高货币政策透明度、改善通货膨胀状况具有极大的效用.目前有部分发展中国家采用这一货币政策方法,但发展中国家在总体上能否实行还有待于各种外部政策措施的进一步完善.     

Strategic Trade Policy through the Tax System

If conventional instruments of strategic trade policy are unavailable, the system of foreign profit taxation and transfer price guidelines may serve as surrogate policy instruments. In this paper, I consider a model where firms from two countries compete with each other on a market in a third country. Both firms have affiliates in the third country where (part of) the production takes place. I analyse optimal policy choices of the firms' residence countries aiming at strategically manipulating the competitiveness of their firms. I show that, first, countries prefer the tax exemption system over the tax credit system if there is no intra‐firm trade. Second, if the headquarters provide inputs for production in the affiliate, countries prefer the tax exemption system if the transfer price for these inputs is close to the headquarters' variable cost and if the residence country's tax rate is high. However, if transfer prices are high and the residence country's tax rate is low, I show that the tax credit system is an optimal tax policy choice for both countries. From a policy perspective, the view that the tax exemption system is generally the best policy response if domestic firms' competitiveness is a policy goal has to be qualified.     

Bilateral trade effects of fiscal devaluation: Evidence from OECD countries

This paper empirically examines the effects of a fiscal devaluation on bilateral trade. To this end, employers’ social contribution (ESC) and value-added tax (VAT), which stand as the factors that represent typical fiscal devaluation, are embodied within the framework of a gravity model. Fixed effects vector decomposition (FEVD) technique is applied to the empirical models specified within this framework, employing panel data from 22 OECD countries over the 1980–2014 periods. The findings show that the effectiveness of the fiscal devaluation policy seems to alter with respect to how ESC and VAT are measured. Considering the fiscal devaluation policy implemented unilaterally, the policy turns out to be effective in nine countries in the sample.     

The financial determinants of corporate cash holdings: Evidence from some emerging markets

This paper investigates corporate cash holdings in developing countries. In particular, we look into the effect of capital structure and dividend policy on cash holdings in Brazil, Russia, India, and China and compare our results with a control sample from the US and the UK. Our sample contains 1992 firms across these countries for the period 2002–2008. We employ Instrumental Variables analysis to control for the endogeneity of the financial policies (cash holdings, capital structure, and dividend policy). Our results show some evidence that capital structure and dividend policy affect cash holdings. There are similarities between developed and developing countries on the factors determining corporate cash holdings. The results of our cross-country model provide evidence that capital structure, dividend policy, and firm size are important factors in determining cash holdings. Finally, we show that firms operating in countries with low shareholder protection hold more cash.     

Targeting Aid to the Needy and Deserving: Nothing But Promises?

By reallocating aid to where it is needed most and where a productive use is most likely, donors could help alleviate poverty in developing countries. The rhetoric of donors suggests that this insight has increasingly shaped the allocation of aid. We assess the poverty and policy orientation of bilateral and multilateral aid in different ways. In addition to presenting stylised facts based on bivariate correlations, we apply a Tobit model that captures both altruistic and selfish donor motives. We find little evidence supporting the view that the targeting of aid has improved significantly. Most donors provide higher aid to relatively poor countries, but so far the fight against poverty has not resulted in a stronger focus on needy recipients with favourable local conditions. The estimation results reveal that the policy orientation of aid critically depends on how local conditions are measured. In general, however, donors appear to be less policy‐oriented than poverty‐oriented. The response of donors to changing institutional and policy conditions in recipient countries turns out to be fairly weak. We reject the proposition that multilateral aid is clearly superior to bilateral aid in terms of rewarding poor countries with better policies and institutions.     

代际账户核算的国际比较分析

代际账户是某一世代的社会成员在其生命余年内向政府缴纳的各项税收减去从政府得到的各项转移支付总和的现值,代际账户核算方法主要用于评价代际利益分配的公平性和财政政策的可持续性。本文对美国、日本、德国、意大利等十国的代际账户进行了比较分析,认为未来世代负担过重和财政政策不可持续是大部分国家面临的难题,削减政府购买和转移支付,提高税收,提高当前存活社会成员的净税率是恢复代际平衡和财政政策可持续性的主要途径和措施,而且措施实施越及时,实施成本越小。     

Industrial policy in the era of global value chains: Towards a developmentalist framework drawing on the industrialisation experiences of South Korea and Taiwan

In this paper, I present a framework for GVC-oriented industrial policy that merges the so-called GVC perspective and the so-called developmentalist perspective—the latter of which is a perspective that industrial policy is most often analysed through, but has been somewhat neglected by the GVC perspective. I argue that the GVC perspective too quickly dismisses the relevance of industrial policy in the East Asian development experience, particularly those in South Korea and Taiwan between roughly 1960 and 1990. By drawing on the industrialisation experiences of these two countries, my framework for industrial policy suggests that the GVC perspective's ideas for industrial policy would be strengthened by more clearly acknowledging the continued importance of three observations by the developmentalist perspective: (a) the need for governments in developing countries to bargain with foreign investors for the purpose of domestic industrialisation; (b) policy design should not only focus on increasing exports, but also focus on replacing some imports with domestic production; and (c) linking up to the value chains of transnational corporations based in high-income countries can bring about some benefits, but ultimately, successful industrialisation necessitates a degree of competing with transnational corporations. State-owned enterprises have historically played an important role in this respect.     

The social dimension and cohesion: Complementary or contradictory?

It is again being argued that the low labour costs and social standards in countries on the periphery of the EC—Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain—jeopardise employment in the northern EC countries and the social safety net they have constructed. A common social policy harmonising employment and social standards to safeguard the social status quo is therefore being advocated. How valid is this argument? What consequences would the implementation of such a “social action programme” have for the economies on the periphery? How are the Community’s objectives with regard to cohesion and social policy to be reconciled?     

The effects of competition policy,regulatory quality and trust on inward FDI in host countries

This article develops a comparative institutionalist framework to investigate how pro-enforcement reforms leading to a change in competition policy regimes attracts FDI in host countries, and how this relationship is moderated by the interplay between key formal and informal institutions. We revisit the FDI theory by integrating insights from economics of competition policy and the most recent debate on how institutions matter to international business. We contend that the effectiveness of competition policy enforcement is a crucial factor in attracting FDI, but only in host countries characterized by institutional configurations where the lack of trust is concomitant with a high-quality regulatory institutional environment. Our analysis on a sample of 63 countries followed in the 1980–2017 period supports our hypotheses. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding on the competition policy–FDI relationship at national level and has implications for policy makers.     

Foreign Direct Investment Policy–Friendly Business Environment in R&D Sectors: Baltic States versus Visegrad Countries

This article examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) policy on inward FDI in the Visegrad and Baltic countries. The analysis of business environment highlights that the countries in both regions attempt to create a friendly business environment by means of similar methods. However, the countries in both regions focus on fiscal incentives such as taxes, which do not play a major role in attracting inward FDI in R&D. The results of attracting FDI are better in the Visegrad countries, which implement financial incentives toward inward FDI along with fiscal incentives. According to empirical analysis, it is noticed that a higher intervention level and a higher support level guarantee the volume of inward FDI. The country's introduced FDI policy enables it to orient industry and to implement economic strategic targets. FDI policy does have an impact on promoting the development of the entire country.