中国苹果绿色全要素生产率测算与产区差异

目的 厘清苹果产业绿色全要素生产率增长的动态变化及产区差异,是促进苹果产业高质量发展的关键。方法 文章基于2004—2018年我国8个苹果主产区面板数据,利用超效率SBM模型和全局ML指数,从静态、动态不同角度,对我国苹果环境技术效率和绿色全要素生产率进行测算,并分析不同产区之间的差异。结果 （1）我国及各主产区苹果环境技术效率均未达到最优状态,区域差异明显,黄土高原主产区高于环渤海湾主产区,与不考虑非期望产出相比,环境技术效率明显偏低;（2）规模效率是当前我国苹果生产技术效率主要来源,黄土高原主产区纯技术效率略高于规模效率,环渤海湾主产区纯技术效率偏低;（3）苹果绿色全要素生产率整体提高,区域间增速差异较大,黄土高原主产区增速高于环渤海湾主产区;（4）技术效率是我国苹果绿色全要素生产率主要增长源泉,技术进步贡献度相对较低。结论 我国苹果绿色全要素生产率存在较大提升空间,各产区要通过因地制宜制定苹果产业发展战略、充分借助农业科研院所创新优势、加强果农高素质培训等方式提高苹果绿色全要素生产率。     

农业高质量发展空间布局研究

目的 优化农业空间布局是构建发展新格局、推进农业高质量发展的重要内容,也是保障国家粮食及其他重要农产品供给安全的重要支撑。方法 文章以高质量发展理念为指导,运用数据分析与文献研究相结合的方法,系统分析我国农业空间格局的现状、历史演变和存在问题,阐明农业高质量发展的核心要义,构建农业高质量发展空间格局优化方案。结果 1978—2019年我国农业生产重心逐渐向北推进,土地密集型农产品北移和资金密集型农产品东移。未来我国农业发展在农产品供需、自然资源、生态环境、农产品生产、国际市场贸易等方面存在诸多不确定性和潜在风险。结论 基于高质量发展的“产品高品质、生产高效率、产业高安全和经济高价值”四大核心要义,综合考虑国家粮食安全、生态安全、配置效率和乡村振兴等因素,研究提出2035年全国“六区十一带”农业空间战略格局及其耕地保护利用格局方案与相关配套政策措施建议。     

生产技术效率与化肥施用效率的耦合协调关系研究——以15个油菜生产省（市）为例

目的 从农业生产系统均衡协调发展角度考虑,正确认识生产技术效率与化肥施用效率二者间的辩证关系,实现生产技术效率与化肥施用效率的协调发展,是保障我国粮食安全和推进农业绿色发展的有力举措。方法 文章基于1978—2019年中国15个油菜生产省（市）的面板数据,运用基于超越对数生产函数的随机前沿分析模型、耦合协调度模型及空间相关性分析探究中国油菜生产技术效率、化肥施用效率及两者间耦合协调度的时空分异特征。结果 （1）1978—2019年中国油菜生产技术效率保持平稳增长态势,且长江下游产区（0.777）> 长江上游产区（0.765）> 春油菜产区（0.741）> 长江中游产区（0.620）;（2）1978—2019年中国油菜化肥施用效率整体呈现波动上升趋势,具有明显时段特征,但整体水平不高,明显低于油菜生产技术效率;（3）1978—2019年中国油菜生产技术效率与化肥施用效率耦合协调度稳步增长,且长江下游产区（0.457） > 长江上游产区（0.440） > 春油菜产区（0.396） > 长江中游产区（0.349）;（4）中国油菜生产技术效率存在正向空间相关关系,化肥施用效率不存在空间自相关关系,两者间的耦合协调度仅在部分年份存在正向空间自相关关系。结论 中国油菜生产技术效率和化肥施用效率的耦合协调度经历了由中度失调至濒临失调的发展阶段,且整体呈现向协调方向发展的趋势。     

中国与RCEP国家农产品进口贸易效率及潜力研究

目的 文章基于2010—2019年中国与区域全面经济伙伴关系协定国家（Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, 以下简称RCEP国家）农产品进口贸易的面板数据,从贸易规模、贸易结构和贸易国别数据切入,研究中国同RCEP国家的农产品进口贸易效率及潜力,为中国与RCEP国家农产品进口贸易的深入发展提出相关政策建议。方法 采用随机前沿引力模型进行实证分析。结果 中国自RCEP国家进口农产品的平均效率为0.54;中国与RCEP国家经济规模、班轮运输连通性指数和货币自由度等因素提升了进口贸易效率,人口规模和贸易自由度等因素阻碍了进口贸易效率的提升;从国别差异看,中国自澳大利亚和新西兰农产品进口贸易潜力和可拓展空间较大;从农产品分类看,4类农产品的进口贸易效率较高;总体而言,进口效率与潜力存在较大的国别异质性,增长拓展空间有待进一步释放。结论 中国应进一步加强同RCEP国家的海陆航基础设施建设等合作,扩大同RCEP国家,特别是贸易效率低下而未来潜力巨大的新西兰等国的农产品进口贸易。     

从批发商角度看水果供应链的伙伴关系——以南京市为例

近年来,我国的大部分果品生产都处于增长势态,但许多地区还存在重生产轻流通的现象,大部分农产品的市场交易行为主要在批发市场完成,上下环节间彼此是一种短暂交易行为、参与者多而分散,而且各环节分别属于不同的主体,商品配送的整体成本和流通损耗居高不下.有数据统计,我国的果蔬农产品在采摘、运输、储存等物流环节上的损失率在25%～30%,是发达国家的5～6倍;在运送路上腐烂的果蔬每年就有3.7万吨.通过提升生鲜水果供应链的伙伴关系,完善供应链,减少流通环节耗损,无疑大有文章可做.     

收储制度改革背景下农户玉米种植调整行为研究基于优势产区与非优势产区423个农户调查数据对比

目的 为了解收储制度改革背景下农户玉米种植调整行为,从而对优化农业种植结构、保障玉米稳定供给的科学决策提供参考。方法 文章基于辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古423个农户调查数据,通过建立有序多分类Logistic回归模型,将玉米种植优势产区与非优势产区样本农户的玉米种植调整行为进行对比分析。结果 研究发现不同产区农户玉米种植调整行为影响因素存在差异。在优势产区,农户新品种采用意愿、家庭劳动力数量、其他作物面积、玉米收入占比、生产者补贴标准满意度对玉米种植调整行为影响显著。在非优势产区,农户上一年种植面积、玉米收入占比、合作组织对玉米种植调整行为影响显著。结论 进一步完善生产者补贴机制,适当提高优势产区玉米补贴标准;加强玉米良种研发,实施“藏粮于技”战略;加强对农业经营主体的培育扶持,有效推动种植结构调整。     

消费者对偏远地区特色农产品的购买行为及其影响因素研究——基于2 027个消费者样本数据的考察

目的 准确把握偏远地区特色农产品市场的需求特点和消费规律,对于偏远农村地区持续巩固脱贫攻坚成果、进一步实现乡村振兴意义深远。方法 文章基于2 027位消费者问卷调查数据,建立二元 Logistic模型分析偏远地区特色农产品消费的影响因素。结果 （1）家庭成员结构、职业、收入水平对偏远地区特色农产品购买行为具有显著影响;（2）购买动机、购买渠道、获取农产品供给信息的途径对偏远地区特色农产品购买行为具有显著影响;（3）农贸市场变量与溢价支付意愿呈正向显著关系,线下仍然是消费者选购农产品的主要渠道;（4）种植与营销供给质量对消费者农产品购买行为具有显著影响。结论 该文提出了偏远地区加大绿色和有机特色农产品种植,优化传统农产品市场批发流通网络,不断提升偏远地区特色农产品知名度和美誉度等政策建议。     

中国省域农产品出口贸易的时空演变及区域差异研究

目的 农产品出口贸易是农业强国的重要组成部分,深入分析我国农产品出口贸易的时空演化规律及区域差异,有助于把握我国农产品出口贸易的发展规律、优化农产品出口贸易布局,对提高我国农业国际竞争力、建设农业强国具有重大的意义。方法 文章以我国31个省（市、区,不含港澳台）为研究对象,利用空间自相关模型和泰尔指数探究2002－2022年我国省域农产品出口贸易在时间和空间上的变化以及区域的差异性。结果 （1）我国总体、省域及区域农产品出口贸易规模都呈波动增加趋势,其中,东北区域自2010年开始出口贸易规模整体增速明显低于中西部区域,位于中西部的大部分省域农产品出口贸易都存在较大的发展潜力;（2）我国各省域农产品出口贸易在空间上存在明显的“高－高”和“低－低”集聚的特征。相比于2002年,2022年个别省域存在跃迁,落入了“低－低、低－高”集聚区;（3）农产品出口贸易整体及四大区域内部差异均呈扩大趋势,四大区域中,西部区域内部差异最大,并呈“M”型波动趋势,区域间差异在总体差异中占据主导地位但呈缓慢收敛趋势。结论 据此,提出在全国层面上,持续推进全方位开放、加强针对性政策扶持力度;在区域层面上,根据各区域农产品出口贸易发展的现实状况、资源禀赋、因地制宜地制定发展政策等建议,以期更好地推动我国农产品出口贸易的均衡发展。     

中心城市驱动、涟漪效应与农产品安全认证

目的 随着农产品安全问题愈发受到消费者关注,控制农产品安全的源头在“农田”环节,如何扩大安全认证规模,提高认证可信度是当前亟需解决的问题。方法 文章基于2013—2015年四川省无公害认证数据,以中心城市成都为例,探讨无公害认证分布特征,实证分析了市场驱动对农产品安全认证的影响。结果 四川种植业无公害安全认证规模和销售额呈以成都为中心的涟漪效应;无公害认证存在空间集聚效应,在地理距离上,认证主要集中在距离成都周围400km以内区域,在经济距离上,主要集中在与成都人均GDP差距在5万元/人的区域;市场需求容量、地理距离、政府规制与认证规模和销售额都呈显著正相关,且地级市对无公害认证的促进作用高于省会城市。结论 为提升安全认证农产品的收益水平和社会福利水平,需要强化市场信息揭示,解决信息不对称;压缩农产品认证地与中心城市之间的交易成本;保证合理溢价水平,增加安全认证规模。     

冬小麦—夏玉米复种的生产效率及其时空分异

目的 提高粮食生产效率是保障国家粮食安全的重要任务,对粮食生产中典型的冬小麦—夏玉米复种模式的生产效率进行分析,可以精确把握粮食生产效率,为粮食生产相关政策制定提供参考。方法 文章基于2007—2018年6省（市）面板数据,运用SBM-DEA和Fare-Primont模型从静态和动态视角对冬小麦—夏玉米复种模式的技术效率和全要素生产率的空间分布和时序变动特征进行测算及比较。结果 冬小麦—夏玉米复种模式的平均技术效率和全要素生产率水平值分别为0.793和0.744;机械投入、农药投入和水资源投入的平均冗余率较高,分别为28.693%、26.670%和21.578%。剩余混合效率即投入产出混合比例优化是造成冬小麦—夏玉米全要素生产率地区差异的主要原因;冬小麦—夏玉米复种模式的全要素生产率波动中小幅上升,技术进步、技术效率和剩余混合效率是主要影响因素。结论 冬小麦—夏玉米复种模式的低生产效率客观存在,应通过生产资料的科学合理投入,加快科技创新推广,推动粮食生产适度规模经营等方式来推动粮食高质量发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.