论国际贸易环境壁垒与我国外贸的可持续发展

环境壁垒是当代国际贸易中一种新型而又广泛的非关税贸易壁垒，环境壁垒对国际贸易竞争力提出了新的挑战，也影响着我国农产品、纺织品、机电产品、玩具、医药产品等的出口，为了增强我国产品在国际市场上的竞争力，政府要树立环保观念，发展环保产业，培育环保企业；个个本身应实行“清洁生产”，推行环保管理，实行环境营销，提高产品的环境竞争力。     

企业环境绩效评价研究

目前，我国粗放型的经济增长方式导致环境污染、生态破坏现象十分严重。随着人们环保意识的增强，企业普遍感受到了来自消费者对于环保产品要求的压力，同时出口产品也饱受“绿色贸易壁垒”的限制。通过环境绩效评价，企业能够在生产过程中节能低耗，增强产品的竞争力，在保护环境的基础上为企业带来客观的经济效益。     

环境贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策

随着WTO进程的加快,传统的贸易壁垒逐渐瓦解,取而代之的是以保护环境和人类健康为由的环境贸易壁垒,并日渐成为发达国家限制发展中国家产品进入其国内市场的贸易保护手段。我国作为最大的发展中国家,环境贸易壁垒已经深入到我国出口产业的各个方面,成为我国出口贸易不得不面对的一个首要问题。文章分析了环境贸易壁垒产生的背景、表现形式和特征,指出环境贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响,提出我国应对环境贸易壁垒时应该采取的对策,这对于打破环境贸易壁垒,进一步发展我国外贸出口具有一定的指导作用。     

浅谈绿色壁垒对我国国际贸易的影响

我国作为一个发展中国家,如何打破绿色贸易壁垒,使我国的许多产品跻身国际市场,是一个极具挑战性的课题.为此,国家应加大环保科技投入,加强贸易的环境管理决策机构;我国企业则利用绿色营销打破绿色保垒,积极争取ISO14000环境体系质量认证.     

试论绿色贸易壁垒及我国出口企业的贸易对策

目前 ,环保问题越来越成为国际经济合作与发展的主要问题之一。环保因素逐渐成为一种贸易保护新武器 ,绿色贸易壁垒作为新兴的非关税壁垒应运而生。在入世之后 ,我国企业要冲破这一贸易壁垒 ,使其产品走向国际市场 ,必须实行绿色营销。     

绿色壁垒对我国纺织服装行业国际竞争力的影响及对策

纺织服装行业一直是我国传统的支柱产业,但是近年来国际上环保要求日益严格,其中纺织服装产品具有比较典型的代表性.据2001年联合国贸易发展委员会统计表明,因不符合环保要求,中国每年都有十几亿美元的纺织服装产品受到不利影响.自从1995年世界贸易组织专门成立了贸易与环境委员会之后,披着合法的绿色外衣的贸易壁垒,开始为西方发达国家所利用.现今由环保形成的绿色壁垒已对我国纺织服装企业的国际竞争力造成极大负面影响,应引起我国政府和企业的充分重视.     

浅析环境贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响及对策

环境贸易堡垒作为贸易保护主义的一种新形式应运而生,而且有愈演愈烈之势,它几乎波及到我国对外贸易的各个领域,影响了我国外贸的增长。本文首先阐述了环境贸易壁垒的涵义,其次分析了环境贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响,最后提出了相应的解决对策。     

我国应对国际贸易社会壁垒的策略

1．社会贸易壁垒的涵义。社会贸易壁垒是指以劳动者劳动环境和生存权利为借口而采取的贸易保护措施。社会贸易壁垒由各种国际公约的社会条款(包括社会保障、劳动者待遇、劳动权利、劳动技术标准等条款)构成，它与公民权利和政治权利相辅相成。社会条款的提出是为了保护劳动者的权益，本来不是什么贸易壁垒，但被贸易保护主义者利用为削弱或限制发展中国家企业产品低成本而成为变相的贸易壁垒。在社会壁垒措施中，     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响及对策

绿色贸易壁垒作为技术性贸易壁垒的重要组成部分,种类繁多,给我国的出口产业带来了严峻挑战,同时也对环境保护和产业升级起到了很好的引导和促进作用.一方面,我们要提高自身的环保意识和环保水平,加强清洁生产,以适应全球绿色贸易的需求;另一方面,面对绿色贸易壁垒的歧视性待遇,要健全环保立法,防止污染转嫁,保护生态环境.要积极加入国际认证,参与国际标准互认,争取国际社会对我国产品的认可.加强与发展中国家的合作,保护共同利益,积极参与国际环境公约的谈判和制定.善于利用WTO平台,冲破贸易壁垒.维护我国的经济利益.     

国际贸易的绿色挑战

随着经济增长和收入的提高，环境逐渐被作为一种新的贸易资源和贸易产业来认识，但是环境与国际贸易的关系远未协调与完善，一些国家利用环境构筑新的绿色贸易壁垒。本文主要分析了当前绿色贸易壁垒的类型、特征、发展趋势能主中国作为一个发展中国家应如何应对绿色贸易壁垒。     

Vertical trade and free trade agreements

We investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on tariffs and welfare in vertical trade. We consider a three-country model, where an FTA is formed between a country exporting a final good and a country exporting an intermediate good. The FTA unambiguously leads to a reduction in the member country’s tariff, but may cause the non-member country’s tariff level to increase. In the case, where FTA raises the non-member country’s tariff level, the FTA increases that country’s welfare. In contrast, the FTA may render its member countries better off. This result implies that the formation of an FTA may not always be Pareto-improving.     

North American trade liberalization and intra-industry trade

Zusammenfassung Handelsliberalisierung in Nordamerika und der intra-industrielle Handel. - Der Verfasser untersucht die Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Mexiko und den Vereinigten Staaten in den 80er Jahren und vergleicht sie mit den Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Kanada und den USA im gleichen Zeitraum. Er stellt fest, da? der intra-industrielle Handel in den Beziehungen zwischen Mexiko und den USA an Bedeutung gewonnen hat, was vermutlich auf die zunehmende Handelsliberalisierung Mexikos zurückzuführen ist. In der Tat waren in den sp?ten 80er Jahren die relativen Niveaus des intra-industriellen Handels ?hnlich hoch, wenn man die bilateralen Handelsstr?me zwischen Mexiko und den USA mit denen zwischen Kanada und den USA vergleicht.

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Résumé La libération des échanges nord-américains et les échanges intra-industriels.- Dans cette étude l'auteur examine les tendances du commerce bilatéral entre le Mexique et les Etats Unis pendant les années quatre-vingts. Il les compare aux tendances du commerce bilatéral entre le Canada et les Etats Unis pendant la même période. Il trouve que les échanges intra-industriels sont particulièrement augmenté en ce qui concerne le commerce entre le Mexique et les Etats Unis. Cela montre que la libéralisation commerciale prend place principalement de la part du Mexique. En effet dans les années quatre-vingts, les niveaux relatives des échanges intra-industriels ont été assez similaires si l’on compare les échanges bilatéraux entre le Mexique et les Etats Unis d’une part et le Canada et les Etats Unis d'autre part.

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Resumen La liberalizatión del comercio en América del Norte y el comercio intrasectorial. - En este trabajo se examina el perfil del comercio bilateral entre México y los EE UU en los a?os ochenta y se lo compara con el perfil del comercio bilateral entre el Canadá y los EE UU en el mismo período. Se encuentra que la importancia del comercio intrasectorial aumentó en el comercio entre México y los EE UU durante el periodo estudiado, reflejando ante todo avances en la liberalizatión del comercio por parte de México. En efecto, hacia fines de los a?os ochenta, los niveles relativos de comercio intrasectorial eran bastante similares en ambos casos, México-EE UU y Canadá-EE UU.

     

Impact of trade cost on China-EU agri-food trade

In this research, we investigate trade costs in relation to China-EU trade in agri-food products during 2001–2015. Major components of trade cost include transportation costs, border-related policy barriers such as tariffs, and local distribution costs. Our results indicate that trade costs between China and EU involving agri-food products, although falling, remain abnormally high. Consequently, we find that trade cost reductions contribute to over half of the overall China-EU trade growth. Our decomposition technique demonstrates that economic growth and trade cost reductions are the key drivers of China-EU trade expansion. Implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) would reduce high trade costs to increase EU-China bilateral agricultural trade significantly. This is not fully captured in the gravity models where a static distance is usually used as a proxy to trade cost. The BRI will not reduce the distance, but it will cut transportation and other components of trade cost for China-EU trade.     

Intra-African trade

Review of World Economics - The intra-continental trade share in Africa is only 12%, compared to 47% in North America, 53% in Asia, and 69% in Europe. This paper shows that the lack of...     

Have Asian trade agreements reduced trade costs?

Regionalization of trade in East Asia increased in the 1990s, and has been accompanied by a growing number of trade agreements. The wave of trade agreements is in part a response to the need to facilitate trade in order to make regional value chains more profitable. This paper draws on a rich Australian database for the period 1990–2007, which allows us to control for distance and commodity characteristics and to identify cross-country variation in trade costs. The results, indicating the extent to which East Asian countries’ trade costs have fallen over the regionalization period relative to changes in other regions’ trade costs, provide evidence of the existence of effective policy steps to facilitate trade and also that these steps have multilateral as well as bilateral or regional benefits.     

Preferential trade agreements and the structure of international trade

In this paper we examine the impact of membership in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on trade between PTA members. Rather than considering the impact of PTA membership on the volume of trade we consider the impact of membership on the structure of trade. For a large sample of countries over the period 1962–2000 we find that membership in a PTA is associated with an increase in the extent of intra-industry trade. Our results indicate that this is especially the case for PTAs formed between richer countries, with the effects of PTAs between poorer countries found to be smaller.     

我国对外贸易步入摩擦多发期

我国对外贸易已步入贸易摩擦多发期,对此应高度重视、积极应对. 当前我国面临的对外贸易摩擦形势主要有以下几个突出特点:第一,贸易摩擦数量居高不下.以反倾销为例,1995年至2006年,我国连续12年成为全球遭受反倾销调查最多的国家.     

How important is intra-industry trade in trade growth?

Empirical work on intra-industry trade (IIT) is almost 30 years old. Initial research sought to identify if IIT was a significant share of total trade (TT). The Grubel-Lloyd (GL) index was widely used for this purpose. Interest has since shifted to the changing importance of IITover time. Using movements in the GL index to infer the importance of IIT over time is not only vague, but can be misleading. In this article, we measure the contributions of growth in net trade (NT) and IIT to the growth in TT. To understand changes in IIT over time, we also derive the contributions of imports and exports to the growth in TT, NT, and IIT. All our formulas are illustrated with data for 205 Australian manufacturing industries.     

Measuring trade creation effects of free trade agreements: Evidence from wine trade in East Asia

East Asia has experienced an unprecedented expansion in its wine market over the past two decades. This paper examines the extent to which import tariff reductions through bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) have contributed to an increase in wine imports to Japan, China, and South Korea. Our empirical method involves estimating an augmented version of the gravity equation by the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) technique. Analyzing a panel dataset for 1990–2016 covering 27 exporters, we find that overall a 1 percentage point reduction in tariff among FTA member countries is associated with an increase in the wine import volumes by 0.042%, which is seven times higher than a similar reduction in tariff on an MFN basis. The strongest trade creation effects are founded for bottle wine. The results are robust to various specifications.     

浅论国际服务贸易中的交易费用

与其它市场交易一样，国际服务贸易的发展要受到交易费用的影响。本文首行分析了这种影响，然后着重论述了影响国际服务贸易交易费用的因素，最后对可能减少国际服务贸易交易费用的因素进行了说明-其中包括GATS对之所作的贡献。