中国与越南农村土地制度的比较

中国目前正在探索农村土地流转市场化的制度设计,越南则已经基本实现了农村土地流转的市场化。对照中越两国农村土地制度差异,吸取越南农村土地改革中的经验教训,中国的农村土地改革应该立足国情,探索既保障农民土地收益又兼顾民生权益的制度模式。     

经济改革与绩效:中国与越南的比较研究

中国和越南分别在1978年、1986年启动了经济改革,两国都取得了引人瞩目的成就。然而,尽管改革的背景和特征大体相近,两国的增长还是出现了明显的不同。文章研究发现:(1)中国与越南在其初始条件、改革与经济管理的方式上是相似的;(2)两国的增长不仅兼有量与质的差异,而且当两国在加速增长之时,增长上的差距就会扩大;(3)中国与越南增长的差异主要由政府效能上相当大的差异来解释,而不是以制度特征或人力资本上的显著差距来解释。     

浅说越南农业改革之路

最近,我们到越南了解他们农业改革和发展情况。中越两国有着不少相似之处,相互借鉴一点经验,确有好处。越南的农业改革虽然起步较晚,但发展还是比较快。 （一） 据１９９６年统计资料,越南总人口７５３６万人,其中８０％在农村,７２％的劳动力从事农业。人均国内生产总值３３０美元,农业在国内生产总值中占２７ ％,农产品在出口总额中占３２ ％。越南农业生产的自然条件比较好,现有耕地７３５万公顷,其中可灌溉面积６０％,人均耕地虽然只有０．１３５公顷,但复种指数高达１８０％。此外,还有可耕荒地 ３００多万公顷,林地 ９…     

纵观越南经济危机

当前世界经济目光聚焦越南,不再是为其过去七年高速发展的经济,而是关注其是否会成为第二次亚洲金融危机的导火索。越南当前面临着通货膨胀压力,货币贬值压力,对外贸易赤字,政府财政赤字,楼市股市疲软等危机,政府采取了各种措施防止危机的继续扩大。由于越南经济情况不同于泰国经济危机,并且当前亚洲各国经济实力与1997年相比都增强许多,因此认为不会引发亚洲经济危机的爆发。但越南的经济危机亦对中国有着警示作用。     

“一带一路”战略构想下云南省和越南之间的旅游合作

习近平主席提出的建设一带一路战略构想强调共商、共建、共享原则,开创地区新型合作。一带一路对各地进行了定位,其中对云南的定位是:面向南亚、东南亚的辐射中心。云南省也将以此为契机,发挥区位优势,推进云南与周边国家边境贸易和旅游和文化之间的合作。云南省与越南山水相连,开展区域间旅游合作的区位优势很明显,而双方独特丰富的旅游资源,使得双方具备较强的互补性和发展旅游业合作的基础。旅游业的合作与发展带动了双方相关产业如服务、交通、通信业等的快速发展,增进了两国人民的相互了解和传统友谊,促进了双边在其他领域的交流与合作。云南省与越南双方的旅游合作在发展过程中存在着旅游监督机制不健全、优秀旅游人才缺乏和旅游基础设施有待改善等问题。文章通过云南省与越南的旅游优势和双方合作现状、存在问题的分析,提出在一带一路战略构想下,云南省与越南应抓住机遇,通过完善双方旅游合作模式,加大双方的旅游基础设施、旅游协调机制和法律政策的合作以及旅游人力资源的培训,促进双方旅游业的发展。     

Poverty,inequality and ethnic minorities in Vietnam

The present study examines how and why ethnic minorities are poorer than ethnic majorities in Vietnam using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey data for 2002 and 2004. First, the analysis confirms that households belonging to the ethnic minority groups are not only poorer but also more vulnerable to various shocks than those in the ethnic majority groups, namely the Kinh and the Chinese. Second, household composition (e.g., dependency burden), education, land holding and location are important determinants of expenditure and poverty, whilst there is some diversity among different ethnic groups. Finally, the decomposition analyses reveal that the ethnic minorities are poorer not necessarily because they have more disadvantaged household characteristics (e.g., educational attainment or location), but, more importantly, because the returns to the characteristics are much lower for ethnic minorities than for the majorities. Government policies to reduce structural differences between ethnic majorities and minorities are imperative to address the disparities in returns to endowments between them.     

Pollution,energy use,GDP and trade: estimating the long-run relationship for Vietnam

Since the beginning of economic reform in the 1980s and, in particular, with its openness to international trade accelerating since the 1990s, the Vietnamese economy has registered significant growth. At the same time, energy consumption and the level of pollution in Vietnam has also increased. This article aims to focus on the link between openness to trade and pollution in Vietnam. Due to lack of data, very few existing studies have focused on Vietnam. Using annual data from1980 to 2011 and employing the bounds testing approach to cointegration, based on an autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) model, we find that there is a statistically significant long-run relationship amongst pollution, openness to trade, energy consumption and real national income in Vietnam. This conclusion continues to hold when the possibility of a structural break in the relationship is allowed for using the Gregory-Hansen approach to cointegration. Analysis of the cointegration relationship suggests that, in response to any exogenous shock to the system, adjustment back to the long-run equilibrium is very fast.     

The Vietnam reforms,change in wage inequality and the role of the minimum wage

The Vietnam ‘renovation’ reforms were implemented during the 1990s, but their full effect was only felt several years later. We present evidence on the developments in real wage growth and inequality in Vietnam from 1998 to 2008. Using a variety of approaches (traditional measures of inequality, comparison of density functions, decomposition of the change in real wage by sector as well as a detailed decomposition of the change in the Gini), we present a consistent picture: contrary to what one might have expected given the nature of the reforms, inequality declined sharply in the private sector (but not in the state sector). This study links these developments to the policy of aggressively increasing the minimum wage over the past several years, differences in implementation by sector as well as variation in the over‐time changes in minimum wage.     

Female leadership,internet use,and performance of agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam

Supporting agricultural cooperatives might contribute to the livelihood improvement of many small-scale farmers in developing countries. This research examines the factors affecting the internet use of agricultural cooperatives with a focus on female leadership, its effects on cooperatives’ economic, social, and innovative performance, and the distributional effects of internet use on economic performance. Our analysis relied on the data of 3,512 agricultural cooperatives collected in 2021 from Vietnam. We addressed the endogeneity issue of internet use in impact assessment by employing an instrumental variable approach. Our results show that female leadership was positively and significantly associated with internet use and that internet use had a positive and significant effect on returns on assets, returns on equity, labor productivity, payment per laborer, contribution to labor union and insurance per laborer, and innovation in products of agricultural cooperatives. In addition, unconditional quantile regressions show that internet use in agricultural cooperatives exacerbated income inequality. Enhancing female leadership and promoting rural education were recommended to improve agricultural cooperatives’ performance.     

Trade liberalisation,poverty, and inequality in Vietnam: a quantile regression approach

This study examines the effects of trade liberalisation on rural household welfare, poverty, and inequality in Vietnam, with the use of multiple estimation strategies, including the panel quantile regression approach based on Canay's two-step estimator. Taking account of the multi-faceted nature of trade liberalisation, we consider a set of household-level trade-related variables, including employment in export, import-competing, and manufacturing sectors. A unique panel data set is constructed from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys conducted in 2002, 2004 and 2006. We find that employment in trade-related sectors contributes significantly to rural household welfare. Moreover, the effects of trade-related employment on welfare are heterogeneous across the welfare/income distribution, in that trade-related employment sectors have different influences on different groups/quantiles of households.     

Changing wage structure and education in Vietnam, 1992–98

This paper examines the changes in relative earnings of workers with different education levels in Vietnam. Using a simple demand‐and‐supply framework developed by Katz and Murphy (1992 ), it was found that an increase in the relative demand for better‐educated male workers in particular appears to play an important role in explaining the earnings differentials between workers of different education groups. Education reform to better suit the needs of the post‐reform emerging market, on‐the‐job training for workers and equal access to education are some policy options that hold the key to reducing wage inequality between different education groups.     

Industrial relations in Asian socialist-transition economies: China,Vietnam and Laos

This article compares developments in industrial relations in three Asian socialist-transition countries: China, Vietnam and Laos. Previous comparative studies of China and Vietnam have identified major commonalities between these two labour regimes both before and after the economic reforms undertaken since the 1980s. Some studies have also identified key differences between the two, to the extent that it is said that the two labour regimes are ‘on the road to divergence’. Others have suggested that the reform paths undertaken by China and Vietnam are fundamentally similar. This article argues that Laos shares many of the similarities of China and Vietnam, but that to the extent that China and Vietnam are taking different paths Laos is tending to follow the more conservative Chinese path with some unique characteristics of its own.