Enterprise restructuring and bank competition in transition economies

We investigate how bank competition affects the efficiency of credit allocation, using a model of spatial competition. Our analysis shows that bad loans are more likely the larger the number of banks competing for customers. We study further how many banks will be active if market entry is not regulated. Free entry can induce too much entry and thus too many bad loans compared to the social optimum. Finally we analyse how bank competition affects the restructuring efforts of firms. We find that restructuring has positive externalities which give rise to multiple equilibria, with either much or little restructuring activity.
JEL classification: D43, G21, G34, L13, P31, P34.     

Cost allocation in spanning network enterprises with stochastic connection costs

This paper considers the problem of network formation and cost allocation that arises when customers need to be connected to a single service provider through a (communication) network. The cost of a connection consists of both the construction costs and the maintenance costs. Since the latter costs are unknown ex ante connection costs are represented by random variables. It is shown how an ‘optimal’ network is determined and that the core of the corresponding stochastic spanning tree game is non-empty. A two stage Bird allocation is defined and shown to be a core allocation of stochastic spanning tree games.     

校所组织邻近性对联培博士生社会资本作用机制的实证研究

采用问卷法对10个高校与工程院所联合培养博士生项目的175名博士生进行调查,分析了两类校所组织邻近性、合作程度对联培博士生社会资本的影响。结构方程模型分析表明,制度邻近性对博士生的高校社会资本产生正向直接效应,认知邻近性对校所双方的合作程度、联培博士生的高校社会资本、院所社会资本皆存在显著的正向效应,而合作程度在认知邻近性与院所社会资本关系中具有中介作用。基于此,提出相应建议和措施以推进校所联培项目的完善与发展。     

技术创新网络多维邻近性演化研究

研究技术创新网络多维邻近性是否伴随创新网络生命周期不同发展阶段而呈现出不同演化特征，对创新网络内部伙伴选择、关系治理和创新绩效发展具有重要意义。基于IBM专利合作网络数据，运用Feature Selection方法，从地理邻近、社会邻近、技术邻近、组织邻近和制度邻近5个维度分析技术创新网络多维邻近性演化特征。结果表明：①生命周期视角下，在创新网络创生阶段，企业选择合作伙伴时主要考虑技术邻近性和组织邻近性，成长阶段主要考虑地理邻近性，成熟和衰退阶段主要考虑社会邻近性；②演化视角下，地理邻近性与技术邻近性曲线呈倒U型关系，地理邻近性在成长期达到最高点，技术邻近性在成熟期达到最高点；制度邻近性与组织邻近性呈U型关系，制度邻近性在成长期达到最低点，组织邻近性在成熟期达到最低点;社会邻近性则随着创新网络生命周期发展一直呈上升态势。     

地理距离阻碍产学合作探索式创新吗？ ——基于多维邻近的视角

针对企业从大学中获取探索性创新技术的地理阻碍,本文重点探讨了地理邻近对产学合作中的探索式创新影响,并且基于Boschma多维邻近的视角,进一步分析组织邻近、制度邻近、社会邻近和认知邻近对二者的作用关系.以信息通信技术(ICT)产业为研究对象,基于2014—2018年大学的专利转让数据构建产学合作创新网络数据库,采用负二项回归进行实证分析.结果表明:地理距离确实是企业与大学合作获得探索式创新的障碍因素,但组织邻近、制度邻近、社会邻近和认知邻近对二者具有显著的正向调节作用,即企业与合作大学隶属于同一中央部委、地方政府,拥有先前合作经验和认知优势的情况下,更能够克服地理距离的限制而实现合作探索式创新.     

非营利组织“三次分配”的社会福利效应——兼论政府对非营利组织的财政激励规制

本文运用基数效用原理和社会福利函数理论构建了非营利组织三次分配的可比较社会福利函数模型。通过在已有文献的基础上构建模型,比较了非营利组织三次分配与政府二次分配的社会福利效应。证明了非营利组织的三次分配能够提高社会福利水平,是政府二次分配功能的有效补充。同时利用广义矩估计的方法实证分析了非营利组织的发展在很大程度上依赖于政府的财力支持,由此政府有必要运用财政激励手段扶持非营利组织的发展。     

SA8000与企业社会责任

目前在西方发达国家无论是消费者、中介组织、企业以及政府对企业的社会责任已十分重视,SA8000标准也逐渐成为中国企业走向世界的又一张通行证。本文先介绍SA8000标准及其影响,然后过渡到企业的社会责任问题,并就企业社会责任问题分述为企业对员工的责任,对顾客的责任,及对社会的责任。     

Do people tip strategically,to improve future service? Theory and evidence

Abstract.  A central question about tipping is whether people tip strategically, to improve future service, or only because tipping is a social norm. I present a theoretical model that incorporates psychological utility associated with tipping (because it is a social norm) and allows tipping to be motivated also by future service considerations. The model predicts that if future service is a reason for tipping, the sensitivity of tips to service quality should be higher for repeating customers than for non-repeating ones. Surveys of 597 restaurant customers are analysed and suggest that future service is not a reason for tipping.     

Capacity-contingent nonlinear pricing by regulated firms

Second-best Pareto optimal pricing by a regulated firm subject to demand and capacity shocks is examined. Nonlinear price schedules for the firm's customers are obtained that are contingent on capacity realizations. The second-best Pareto optimal mechanism also is implemented by an allocation mechanism based on the consumer's choice of a minimum demand or firm power level. The optimal mechanism is implemented as well by a general form of priority pricing.     

共享制造平台网络结构特征及影响因素研究

基于共享制造代表平台海织云平台,运用社会网络分析（SNA）探究共享制造平台网络结构特征,并使用二次指派程序（QAP）对共享制造平台网络的影响因素进行实证分析。研究发现：目前共享制造平台处于发展初期,网络规模不断扩大,但合作关系的紧密程度有待进一步加深。海织云等节点在网络中占据核心地位,拥有较大的权力和影响力,其他节点的权力地位也在逐步提升。凝聚子群分析表明共享制造平台中存在多个小团体,呈现多层次格局。QAP分析表明,共享制造平台合作网络受经济规模、地理邻近、知识邻近、社会邻近、组织邻近、制度邻近、政策强度和产业邻近等因素的影响。研究成果为制造企业更好地理解共享制造及为共享制造平台的发展提供帮助。     

航空意外险感知风险与购买意愿关系研究

航空意外险是一种非强制性保险产品,产品的销售取决于顾客的购买意愿,而购买意愿又与顾客的感知风险相关联.本文在文献研究基础上,将时间风险、功能风险、财务风险、社会风险四个维度作为感知风险变量,同时引入客户保险产品认知度这一调节变量,构建感知风险与购买意愿分析模型,并对调查数据进行实证分析,最后提出相关建议.研究结论显示:首先,时间风险、功能风险、财务风险对购买意愿有显著的负相关,而社会风险则对购买意愿无显著影响;其次,保险产品高认知顾客与航空意外险购买意愿正相关,而一般认知顾客与购买意愿无显著性关系;最后,顾客介入程度这一调节变量仅对功能风险起到调节作用,顾客的功能风险与航空意外险的购买意愿显著相关.     

长三角城市群协同创新网络演化动力研究：基于指数随机图模型

利用2009-2018年长三角城市群产学研联合申请专利数构建协同创新网络,建立指数随机图模型（ERGM）,预测长三角城市群协同创新网络演化动力。实证结果表明,协同创新网络存在传递性,倾向于形成中介-2路径的开放式三角形结构;城市拥有的知识元素属性、经济发展水平和科研投入力度会对网络演化产生差异化影响;知识邻近性和组织邻近性在长三角城市群协同创新网络关系形成中始终发挥积极作用,制度邻近性和社会邻近性在网络演化前期发挥积极作用,但是伴随协同创新的深入,二者不利于协同创新网络合作关系形成。因此,政府应该引导各城市因地制宜制定创新战略,发挥各自资源与产业优势,助力构建高效交互的协同创新网络。     

Proximity,networking and knowledge production in Europe: What lessons for innovation policy?

This paper aims at investigating the role of different types of proximity on the technological activity of a region within the context of a knowledge production function, where R&D expenditure and human capital are the main internal inputs. We thus assess to what extent the creation of new ideas in a certain region is enhanced by knowledge flows coming from proximate regions. In particular, we examine in detail different kinds of proximity by combining the usual geographical dimension with the institutional, technological, social and organizational proximity. The analysis is implemented for an ample dataset referring to 276 regions in 29 European countries (EU27 plus Norway, Switzerland) over the last decade. Results show that human capital and R&D are clearly essential for innovative activity with the former being much more effective in driving the production of knowledge. As for the proximity and network effects, we find that technological proximity outperforms the geographic one, whilst a limited role is played by social and organizational networks. As a result, the first policy message is that European regions still need to focus on policies aimed at increasing the endowments of well-educated labour force and therefore their knowledge base. Furthermore, we need innovation policies based on each region's specific innovation potential, due to the existing differences in geographical, cognitive, institutional, social and organizational structures and networks.     

创新网络空间格局形成机理及演化分析

针对创新网络空间格局如何形成及演化的问题,基于多元邻近视角剖析创新网络空间格局形成机理,运用Agent理论设计仿真算法,并基于Netlogo构建创新网络空间格局演化仿真平台。通过模拟实验发现：①多元邻近更有利于创新网络区域内、外部合作共生,且（跨区、内部）合作边数与区域面积、毗邻距离呈正、负相关;②社会邻近或技术邻近更有利于创新网络产生（绝对）空间集聚,且集聚态势与区域位置中心性呈正相关;③创新网络空间格局呈现随机型至斑块型（或均匀型）的动态演化趋势,且社会邻近或技术邻近更有利于创新网络产生均匀型空间格局,地理邻近或多元邻近更有利于创新网络产生斑块型空间格局;④地理因素作用下的创新网络（空间格局）仍保持幂律分布特性;⑤斑块型空间格局的创新绩效高于均匀型,且多元邻近下斑块型空间格局的创新绩效最高。     

邻近性与自主合作创新网络演进:以集成电路产业链为例

随着科学的发展及与知识的融合,越来越多的创新通过多个组织合作完成,但现有研究对于合作创新机理仍缺乏共识。从社会网络视角出发,通过引入邻近性概念构建合作创新解释框架,然后基于中国1985-2015年集成电路领域的500 945条专利的全样本数据,通过QAP多元回归分析发现:地理邻近、知识积累邻近、知识结构邻近与创新环境邻近共同影响合作伙伴选择,且随着时间推移与产业发展,地理邻近的重要程度逐渐降低,知识结构邻近的影响呈现U型变化,知识积累邻近和创新环境邻近在产业进入成熟阶段后开始正向影响合作创新伙伴选择,表明合作创新网络内已经出现一定程度的阶层固化现象。     

基于客户价值的营销资源分配和关系管理研究

以客户价值和客户关系阶段二项指标为客户营销资源分配基准,结合客户关系管理的三项主要任务：新客户获取、高价值客户保持和危险客户赢回,提出了“以客户为中心”的资源分配整体框架,以及基于客户关系管理三项主要任务的资源投入最优比例模型。根据对不同客户关系阶段特点的分析,应该采取发展阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段关系管理策略。     

Social Norms and the Time Allocation of Women's Labor in Burkina Faso

This paper proposes that major determinants of allocation of women's time are social norms that regulate the economic activities of women. The emphasis on norms contrasts with approaches that view time allocation as determined by household-level economic variables. Using data from Burkina Faso, it is shown that social norms significantly explain differences in patterns of time allocation between two ethnic groups: Mossi and Bwa. Econometric results show women from the two groups exhibiting different responses to changes in farm capital. Implications are that policies changing social norms may have more permanent effects on altering women's behavior.     

Measuring the Intensity of Vertically Integrated Multinational Enterprises

Using data collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), this study attempts to measure the intensity of vertically integrated multinational enterprises (VMNEs) for US foreign direct investment (FDI). By comparing the primary industry of US parents and their foreign affiliates, it is found that a significant proportion of VMNEs exists for US FDI abroad, which range over 14 manufacturing and three nonmanufacturing industries. The intensity of VMNEs is found to be negatively related with the host countries' labor cost. Meanwhile, a critical amount of VMNEs arise to take advantage of proximity to customers through FDI.     

契约配置与制度配置：路径比较

契约配置和制度配置的路径存在重要差异。契约配置路径包括私人交易演进型、政府之间与社会团体之间交易演进型和政府、社会团体与私人之间交易演进型等路径。制度配置路径包括契约演进型、需求型、供给型和引进型等路径。契约配置和制度配置路径比较的经济学意义表现在二者均具有稀缺性,在经济资源配置中具有不同的作用,并存在路径依赖关系,促进二者的耦合性是市场经济的本质要求。     

空间计量视角下创新网络结构资本对产业发展的影响测度

针对创新网络结构资本空间溢出如何影响产业发展的问题,基于地理邻近性和社会邻近性动态耦合视角,运用加权平均思想构建动态空间权重矩阵,并借助Moran′s I空间相关性检验、空间滞后（SLM）、空间误差（SEM）和空间杜宾（SDM）模型实验测度多元“地理-社会”邻近耦合下创新网络结构资本对产业发展的影响。以广西电子信息产业专利数据为例展开实证研究发现：①广西电子信息产业发展空间集聚效应明显,且地理邻近性作用大于社会邻近性;②广西电子信息创新网络结构资本空间溢出能够产生产业发展空间集聚效应;③广西电子信息创新网络结构资本通过直接和间接层次路径影响产业发展。研究结论可为产业创新空间（均衡）发展提供决策支持。