The problems of labor supply and labor demand adjustment on the Russian labor market

This paper considers problems and specifics of labor demand and supply relations in the Russian labor market; it identifies and analyzes the underlying factors. It discusses the possibilities of inclusion in the analysis of structural characteristics of labor demand and supply and the dynamics of wages in the process of their conciliation in the Russian labor market, and it presents estimates of its basic parameters.     

Characteristics of labor market in Serbia - View on the labor demand on Belgrade and Banat labor markets

The labor market in Serbia is characterized by one of the highest unemployment rates of the working population （aged 15 to 64）. Also, it is notified that the unemployed level of the qualification is very low and that there isn＇t enough space in the existing formal educational system for any new introductions （such as prequalification courses, or lifelong educational concepts）. The research on the labor demand was aimed at assessing the state of the labor markets in the selected regions and at analyzing short-term demand for labor force. The analysis establishes： Which sectors of local/regional economy are being developed and are likely to require additional labor force in the next six months; which types of jobs are likely to be in demand in the aforementioned sectors; which additional knowledge and skills are needed for such occupations. The applied methodology also enabled to analyze information on vulnerable groups of unemployed, namely persons with disturbing factors in employment and the young unemployed of up to 24 years of age. In order to gather reliable data at regional level, a research was conducted on a stratified sample covering 1400 enterprises and some of the statistical labor market indicators were established indicating particularities of the labor markets in the surveyed regions -- Belgrade and Banat.     

广东省劳动力市场分割与供求关系的实证分析

通过分析广东省劳动力供求状况,发现存在"供不应求"和"失业"并存的现象。那么是什么因素导致人才没有在各行业间自由流动呢?劳动力市场分割理论对此现象作出了解释,本文根据原因提出了相应的建议。     

Forecasting of labor market demand dynamics on different stages of crisis in Russian economics

This paper presents the evaluation of medium-term additional labor force demand based on analysis of projection scenarios of basic macroeconomic indicators of Russian Federation economics during crisis and post-crisis period until 2015. Modeling of additional labor force demand with regard for crisis processes in Russian economics was implemented by formalization of factors that influence labor force dynamics. The verification of projection evaluation of additional labor force demand based on 2009 crisis monitoring data and conditions of dismissed labor force back up during the post-crisis period.     

Elasticity of demand for relative petroleum inventory in the short run

To better understand petroleum markets, the authors established the importance of the deviation of inventory levels away from a normal level, where the normal level is comprised of seasonal movement and a general trend. Since supply and demand for petroleum are less elastic to price in the short run than is inventory, it is this deviation or relative inventory level that plays the role of absorbing unexpected shifts in demand and supply. They demonstrated theoretically that the demand for relative inventory must be negatively related to price. They estimated the relative inventory levels and associated short-run price elasticity for several OECD countries and groups of countries, and found that short-run price elasticity of demand for relative inventory is negative and statistically significant, supporting the theoretical arguments.This work is partially sponsored by the Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve, U.S. Department of Energy, and was presented at the Fifty-Second International Atlantic Economic Conference, Paris, France, March 2002.     

The effects of risk and return on the currency composition of money demand

Zusammenfassung Die Wirkungen von Risiko und Ertrag auf die W?hrungszusammensetzung der Geldnachfrage. — In diesem Aufsatz wird ein theoretisches Modell einer variablen W?hrungszusammensetzung der Geldnachfrage entwickelt, das auf dem Maximierungsverhalten und einer Geld-Produktionsfunktion basiert und Wechselkursunsicherheit einschlie\t. Ein empirischer Test des Modells zeigt, da\ es eine solche Portfolio-Diversifikation auf den internationalen Geldm?rkten gibt. In den Vereinigten Staaten beeinflu\t die Unsicherheit über den Wechselkurs die Zusammensetzung der Geldbest?nde statistisch in der erwarteten Richtung. Obwohl die Ergebnisse für Deutschland statistisch kaum signifikant sind, haben die Reaktionen doch das richtige Vorzeichen. Diese Ergebnisse legen es nahe, die Diversifikationswirkungen in die Theorie von den Anpassungsprozessen der internationalen Geldm?rkte einzubauen.

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Résumé Les effets de risque et de rendement sur la composition de monnaie de la demande monétaire. — Dans cet article nous avons développé un modèle théorique de la composition variable de monnaie de la demande monétaire qui se fonde sur le comportement de maximiser et sur une fonction de la production monétaire et qui incorpore l’incertitude sur le taux de change. Un test empirique du modèle démontre une évidence concrète d’une telle diversification du portefeuille de monnaie sur les marchés internationaux monétaires. L’incertitude sur le taux de change influence statistiquement fort les dispositions monétaires de la direction anticipée dans les états-Unis. Bien que les résultats pour l’Allemagne ne soient statistiquement significatifs que marginalement, la direction de la réponse a aussi le propre signe. Les résultats impliquent que ces effets de diversification devraient être incorporés dans la théorie d’ajustement des marchés internationaux monétaires.

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Resumen Los efectos del riesgo y del retorno sobre la composición monetaria de la demanda por dinero. — En este artículo hemos desarrollado un modelo teorético de una composición monetaria variable de la demanda por dinero, basada en el comportamiento maximizador y en una función de producción del dinero e introduciendo incertidumbre de tasa cambiaria. Un test empírico del modelo provee evidencia concreta de tal diversificación del portafolio de dinero en los mercados monetarios internacionales. Incertidumbre de tasa de cambio afecta la tenencia relativa de dinero con un efecto estadístico fuerte de la dirección anticipada en los EE.UU. A pesar de que los resultados para Alemania son estadísticamente solo marginalmente significantes, la dirección de la respuesta tiene nuevamente el signo correcto. Estos resultados implican, por lo tanto, que estos efectos de diversificación deberían ser incorporados en la teoría del ajuste de mercados monetarios internacionales.

     

A model of trade,task offshoring and social insurance

The purpose of this paper is to study the role of social insurance design in a comparative-advantage model of offshoring and trade. To do so, we incorporate social insurance into a modified version of the Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (Am Econ Rev 98(5):1978–1997, 2008) model by formalizing its administrative, compensation, cost, labor-supply and productivity effects. The compensation and productivity effects, which are novel, give rise to important offshoring and trade implications that can contribute to explain how social insurance provision can be sustained under globalization pressure and why similar globalization pressure can lead to different skill premia developments in Western economies.     

Relationship regarding the demand for labor between domestic temporary and foreign workers: Korean case

With the progress of globalization, South Korea, one of the emerging industrial countries, has recently witnessed a sharp increase in the number of enterprises that employ foreigners. However, there are only a limited number of studies on the influence that such an increase has had on the labor market in the Republic of Korea. Thus, using ‘Workplace Panel Survey’ data surveyed by the Korea Labor Institute (KLI), this paper examines the relationship concerning the labor demand of an establishment between domestic temporary and foreign workers. Analysis using a bivariate Tobit model shows that a typical Korean firm attempts to employ domestic temporary and foreign workers simultaneously. Further, the empirical analysis found that any establishment that is relatively newly established and has difficulty in recruiting domestic workers hires foreign workers, but there is no evidence that establishments hire foreign workers rather than domestic temporary workers to save on the production cost.     

Financial disclosure effects on labor contracts: A Nash analysis

Abstract. This study investigated the role of financial information disclosure on union-management preferences for labor contract outcomes. The effect of accounting information on negotiated outcome proximity to Nash equilibrium outcomes was also examined. Both the extent and credibility of financial information disclosure as well as dyadic and team negotiations were examined. Conjoint analysis was used to measure union and management preferences for contract attributes. Results indicated insignificant conjoint part worth differences on union and management contractual preferences under both accounting information and team negotiation treatments. Actual contractual outcomes were significantly correlated with Nash predictions, and information disclosure had a marginally significant effect on the proximity of actual to predicted outcomes. Résumé. Les auteurs étudient le rôle de la présentation d'informations financières dans les préférences du syndicat et de la direction en ce qui a trait au contrat de travail final. Ils s'intéressent également à l'incidence de l'information comptable lorsque les conventions négociées se rapprochent de l'équilibre de Nash. L'étendue et la crédibilité de l'information financière présentée ainsi que les négociations dyadiques et collectives sont aussi objet d'étude. Les auteurs ont recours à l'analyse conjointe pour mesurer les préférences du syndicat et de la direction à l'égard des attributs du contrat de travail. Les résultats indiquent des écarts non significatifs dans la valeur conjointe partielle associée par le syndicat et la direction aux attributs du contrat, par suite du traitement de l'information comptable ainsi que de la négociation collective. Le contrat final qui résulte présente une corrélation significative avec les prévisions de Nash, et la communication d'informations a une incidence marginale sur l'analogie entre les résultats réels et les résultats prévus.     

Firm-level analysis of information network use and productivity in Japan

This paper presents firm-level micro analysis of information network use and the impact of such use on a firm's productivity. The positive impact of information network use on productivity growth is confirmed using METI's firm-level data for Japanese manufacturers and distributors from 1991 to 2000. In addition, the relationship between information networks and business networks is investigated, and it is found that these two types of networks are complementary in promoting productivity growth of a firm. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (1) (2007) 121–137.     

Long-term effects of labor market conditions on family formation for Japanese youth

This study aims to examine how each cohort’s family formation is affected by labor market conditions experienced in youth in Japan. Although the deterioration in youth employment opportunities has often been blamed for Japan’s declining fertility rate, the effect of slack labor market conditions on fertility is theoretically unclear. We estimate the effects of regional labor market conditions at entry to the labor market and contemporaneous conditions on fertility, controlling for nation-wide year effects and prefecture fixed effects, and find the following. First, high school-educated women who experienced a recession while entering the labor market are less likely to have children. In contrast, a recession rather increases fertility among college-educated women. When summed up, the aggregate impact of labor market conditions experienced in youth on fertility is weak. Second, the unemployment rate at entry to the labor market is positively correlated with the probability of having two or more children conditionally on having at least one child. Third, the contemporaneous unemployment rate is negatively correlated with marriage of women in the local labor market, although the correlation is weak and concentrated on the less educated group.     

Effects of cost sharing on the demand for physician services in Japan: Evidence from a natural experiment

In this paper, we investigate the effects of cost sharing on the demand for physician services in Japan by using a natural experiment, namely, the increase in the coinsurance rate for household heads in 1997. Our primary finding from the two-year data, which includes the transitory effects of the reform, is that the effects of the reform on the frequency of physician visits were negative and statistically significant, and that the effects of the reform on expenditures per visit were also negative. Based on these results, the arc elasticity of demand for physician services is ?0.055. When we exclude the transitory period using the three-year data, the effects of the reform on the frequency of physician visits turn to be positive. It seems that the patients marginally curtailed the number of physician visits immediately after the reform; however, this effect was not sustained in the six months after the reform. We conclude that Japanese patients are not very price sensitive within the 10–20 percent range of coinsurance rate. Another important finding in our study is that the decrease in expenditure per visit retained even after the transitory period. This result suggests that the existence of a possible moral hazard in the treatment intensity although the decision-making process on the treatment intensity needs to be examined more carefully.     

出口模式与企业加成率效应研究:基于中国企业层面数据的理论与实证

文章基于扩展的MO模型,将企业出口模式选择和出口动态效应引入该模型加以讨论,论证了不同出口模式选择下加成率的效应,并进一步探究不同出口模式可能对企业加成率动态的异质性影响及作用渠道。文章认为出口模式选择通过出口中学效应和需求冲击适应效应分别从成本渠道和价格渠道影响企业加成率。在此基础上,基于中国工业企业和海关数据库再进行实证研究,结果显示:(1)静态来看,直接出口企业加成率高于间接出口企业;(2)动态来看,企业间接出口后加成率下降,而直接出口后企业加成率提升;(3)东部地区、资本密集型行业和民营企业表现出更大的动态加成率效应;(4)针对理论模型中影响渠道的检验显示,直接出口企业的正向出口中学效应和需求冲击适应效应均显著超过间接出口企业。     

The trade balance effects of infrastructure services regulation

This paper addresses the relationship between the design of incentives to firms under regulation, mainly the rule for adjusting tariffs, and trade balance performance of the country. We also explore whether this relationship is relevant or not for a typical developing economy like Argentina. We find it is. To study these issues we perform comparative static numerical exercises using a CGE model where service obligation and no entry in regulated industries are assumed. We show that the capital account openness and the rate of exchange regime could be key elements to match with the regulatory regime. The potential inconsistency between the international trade regime and the regulatory regime should not be rejected a priori.