Policies for economic growth

Summary The old growth theory of the 1950s led to certain conclusions about the sorts of economic policies that would promote economic growth, and also about their limitations. The new growth theory of the 1980s makes much stronger assumptions and leads to correspondingly stronger conclusions about the scope of growth-promoting policy. This article argues that: (1) empirical work so far has neither confirmed nor denied the strong assumptions underlying the new theory; (2) the theory is worth pursuing because of its intrinsic interest and the possibilities it opens up; (3) whatever the final verdict on the new theory, both theory and evidence support the belief that significant long-run gains, even if not permanent changes in the growth rate, can be achieved by increased investment in the broadest sense, including human capital, technological knowledge, and industrial plant and equipment.Fifth Tinbergen Lecture delivered on October 4, 1991, in Amersfoort for the Royal Netherlands Economic Association     

Policies for building post-conflict peace

Civil wars always end, but usually they restart. Globally, withinthe first ten years of the end of a conflict, 31% of them haveresumed. African conflicts are even more prone to restart thanthe global average: half of African peace restorations lastless than a decade. By applying theoretical frameworks to newlydeveloped data sets of conflict, we find that the high incidenceof peace collapse in Africa is not inevitable. to date, policieson the part of both the international community and post-conflictgovernments have been highly inefficient. Thus with better policies,the risk of peace collapse after African civil wars can be radicallyreduced. We outline some strategies that can assist war-to-peacetransition in Africa.     

Bold Policies for Economic Justice

The U.S. is characterized by a longstanding pattern of large structural racial inequality that deepens further as a result of economic downturn. Although there have been some improvements in the income gap up until around the mid 1970s, the employment gap, and the racial wealth gap - two dramatic indicators of economic security - remains exorbitant and stubbornly persistent. We offer two race-neutral programs that could go a long way towards eliminating racial inequality, while at the same time providing economic security, mobility and sustainability for all Americans. The first program, a federal job guarantee, would provide the economic security of a job and the removal of the threat of unemployment for all Americans. The second program, a substantial child development account that rises progressively based on the familial asset positioning of the child??s parents, would provide a pathways towards asset security for all Americans regardless of their economic position at birth.     

加工贸易新政

继2007年7月1日国家下调出口商品退税率后，作为对出口退税率下调政策的补充，7月23日，政府有关部门针对加工贸易又出重拳，公布了新一批《加工贸易限制类商品目录》，将包括纺织纱线、布匹等在内的商品列为加工贸易限制类商品，其中涉及到的纺织品10位商品税号共1540个，并对其在一个月后的8月23日，开始实行银行保证金“台账实转”管理。此项政策的实施，终于让那些从事加工贸易的出口纺企，看到了国家为缓解外贸顺差过大，而采取通过抑制低附加值、低技术含量产品出口增长过快等措施，从而促使纺企转变出口增长方式、促进产业升级换代的坚定决心。     

别有一番“天地”

占地面积近100亩,26栋花园式标准厂房,11万平米建筑面积,企业入驻率达98％以上……在软件产业发展迅猛的上海,这里不是成立最早的园区,但无疑已成为上海中心城区中规模最大的高科技产业园区之一.2012年,园区年产值50亿元,年税收2.2亿元,累计吸纳就业人数10000多人(本科以上学历占80％)……记者近日走访了上海天地软件园,探究这份漂亮成绩单背后的故事.     

解决广东区域发展不平衡问题需要顺势而为

文章基于对多年统计数据的分析,指出了资源、环境因素在区域发展中的重要作用。强调解决区域发展不平衡问题,首先要认真分析区域环境承载力,并在此基础上制定促进人口合理流动的大政方针。     

Income tax reform for a globalized world: The case for a dual income tax

Countries that are industrialized, or becoming so, must adopt tax systems that are capable of raising considerable amounts of revenue efficiently, equitably and with administrative simplicity, while at the same time coping with the competitive features of a globalized world economy. A component of that tax system will be direct taxation of households alongside general sales and payroll taxation. This paper addresses the role that capital income taxes should play in the income tax system. Arguments for the preferential treatment of capital income are summarized, and a case is made for adopting a schedular approach in which capital and labor income are taxed according to separate rate structures. The particular case of the dual income tax system used in the Nordic countries is advocated whereby capital income is taxed at a low, flat rate and non-capital income is taxed progressively. It is argued that this system best combines the objectives of a good tax system in an internationally competitive environment.     

Trade and Competition Policies for Oligopolies

Zusammenfassung Au\enhandels- und Wettbewerbspolitik bei Oligopolen. - In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das die wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Au\enhandel und Wettbewerbspolitik eines Landes abbildet, das bei einem Produkt ein vollst?ndiges Monopol besitzt. Das Verhalten von Firmen und L?ndern wird durch ein dreistufiges Spiel modelliert, wobei in einem Teilspiel perfektes Gleichgewicht herrscht. Von dem Herstellungsland wird angenommen, da\ es zuerst seine Wettbewerbspolitik festlegt und dann erst die Teilspiele Handelspolitik und Produktion. Das Land wird diejenige Wettbewerbspolitik w?hlen, die die Z?lle, mit denen seine marginalen Unternehmen konfrontiert sind, herabsetzt. Bei einer bestimmten Klasse von Nachfragefunktionen ist es für die Wohlfahrt im Herstellungsland besser, wenn die Industrie dem Wettbewerb ausgesetzt ist und eine Exportsteuer erhoben wird, statt ein Kartell zu bilden.

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Resumen Politicas comerciales y de competencia para oligopolios. - En este trabajo se présenta un modelo de interacción entre politicas comerciales y de competencia para el caso de un país con poder monopólico absoluto. Se modela el comportamiento de empresas y países como un juego de tres etapas con un subjuego en equilibrio perfecto. Se asume que el país productor compromete su politica de competencia antes de hacerlo con su politica comercial y sus subjuegos de producto. El país eligirá aquella politica de competencia que reduzca el arancel enfrentado por sus empresas en el margen. Dados una clase de funciones de demanda, una industria competitiva y un gravamen sobre las exportaciones resultarán en un bienestar mayor para el país productor que un cartel.

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Résumé Politique commerciale et politique de compétition en cas des oligopoles.- L’article présente un modèle de l’interaction entre la politique commerciale et la politique de compétition si un pays a un monopole économique total. Le comportement des entreprises et des pays est formé par un jeu à trois étapes avec un sous-jeu de l’équilibre parfait. On suppose que le pays producteur détermine sa politique de compétition avant les sous-jeux de la politique commerciale et de la production. Le pays choisira la politique de compétition qui réduit les tarifs de douane avec lesquels les entreprises marginales sont confrontés. Pour une group des fonctions de la demande le bien-être d’un pays producteur augmente plus vite qu’un cartel si l’industrie est exposée à la compétition et s’il y a une taxe à l’exportation.

     

Cambridge distribution in a world economy

The article outlines a two-country Cambridge model of growth and distribution. The condition for the Cambridge equation to apply to the world economy is outlined. When this is satisfied, a dual theorem holds in one of the two countries, and the country with the greater aggregate savings ratio is in current account surplus. The original Cambridge model was formulated as a means of equating the warranted and natural growth rates of both Harrod and Domar for the case of a closed economy. Thus, the world version is a method of satisfying Harrod's requirement that his model be capable of extension so as to include foreign trade.     

福耀玻璃：打开一片透明的世界

"非淡泊无以明志非宁静无以致远"。曹德旺用一颗透明的心经营着一个透明的世界,在透明的世界里坐看风云     

Trade in a changed world economy

Since the end of 1973, the world has been going through the downward phase of a long-term business cycle. From past experiences a reduction of the relative weight of international trade and a change in the structure of this trade from manufactures to primary products would be expected. Yet, this is not manifested in the present episode: the relative share of trade has increased during the last decade at the same rate as it had earlier, and no structural change is evident. This should be most probably attributed to the post-war international policy atmosphere. Absence of severely restrictive trade policies, combined with a regime of flexible exchange rates, have prevented the disruption of trade, both directly and indirectly, through the prevention of actual contraction of incomes during this phase.     

Wealth Affirming Policies for Women of Color

There are a range of solutions that address asset building challenges for low-wealth women. Here we highlight some solutions that focus on basic needs (child care, child support) and creating economic stability with disposable income (income available after basic needs are met); solutions that address predatory lending and the housing crisis; and solutions that focus on joint ownership of assets and community-based asset building.     

浅论促进物流业发展的规划策略

物流业对于改善产业发展环境并推动经济增长的突出作用得到了广泛重视,地方政府通过编制规划、出台政策、建设基础设施等多种手段,来推动本地的物流业发展。深圳是国内较早将物流业确立为支柱产业的城市之一,率先从规划的角度开展了物流产业发展的空间布局和规划策略研究,对深圳物流业发展起到了一定的推动和指引作用。本文以深圳过去十年物流产业发展为案例,着重探讨促进物流业发展的规划策略。     

我国发展绿色经济的对策选择

我国大规模的工业化、城市化进程和高速经济增长,给各种自然资源的供给带来了巨大的压力,也对我国的生态系统造成日益凸显的不利影响。本文对绿色经济的内涵进行了讨论,介绍了目前国际上比较普遍的支持绿色经济发展的政策工具手段和战略路径,最后基于发展绿色经济的国际经验及我国目前发展中的一些特点,提出了我国促进绿色发展的政策建议。     

走向“世界工厂”的中国劳动力资源

目前世界经济一体化的重点是商品、服务、投资、金融的自由化,在一定程度上也包含高技术人员流动性的强化,但不包括一般劳动者尤其是发展中国家的低技能劳动者的全球性流动.这就为发展中国家提出了一个问题,即如何将不断扩大的流动性很强的国际资本与数量庞大的流动性很弱的国际劳动力进行结合.2001年中国加入WTO,成为中国改革开放进入新阶段的重要标志,也是世界经济一体化进程的一个重大事件.这意味着中国将进一步扩大开放,以更加积极的方式全面融入世界经济体系,在更大范围内配置中国的生产要素资源,尤其是十分丰富、廉价的劳动力资源.