论跨国公司海外R&D投资对投资母国的影响

当跨国公司在海外扩张R&D活动的时候,跨国公司母国也面临着一些收益和成本问题.对于整个世界经济而言,R&D的国际化应该有助于加速创新过程.通过将更多国家创新体系紧密联系起来.R&D国际化为更多的知识和技术跨国界交流活动提供了便利.     

知识生产函数、规模报酬和经济增长模式——R＆D模型对中国的实证检验

R&D模型是经济增长理论的一个重要、前沿的部分,它认为技术进步和创新是一个国家经济增长的动力。R&D模型将经济长期增长的源泉归结于知识生产函数中两种投入要素——知识和资本的规模报酬,并且把经济的长期增长模式区分成三种类型:稳定性均衡、非稳定性均衡和半稳定性均衡。文章首次对知识生产函数进行实证检验,以此来判断我国经济增长模式。通过对2004-2006年中国243个城市面板数据的研究,发现中国的经济增长模式属于稳定性均衡的类型,新知识的生产对知识和资本的规模报酬是递减的,经济会在某个增长率稳定下来,劳动力和资本存量中用于研究和开发的比例和储蓄率的上升,在长期内都不会改变这个稳定的增长率。     

跨国公司与东道国的合作内生增长

内生增长理论,又称“新增长理论”(Arrow,1962;Romer,1986;Lucas,1988;Grossman andHelpman,1991)使经济发展理论重新焕发生机。这种新理论将一些诱导增长因素,例如干中学、通过教育和培训培养人力资本、R&D、公共物品和基础设施、知识溢出等视为内生变量。所有这些因素都与知识的产生和流动有关。     

积累欲、节俭与经济增长

<正> 一、引言经济增长理论自80年代中期以来在经济学领域获得了新的生机。以罗默(Paul Romer)和卢卡斯(Robert Lucas)为代表的内生经济增长(endogenous economic growth)理论的诞生是传统经济增长模型无法解释世界各国经济增长的结果。根据传统理论,长期经济增长率将最终取决于人口增长和技术进步等外在因素,而各国的人均资本、人均产量和人均消费将趋     

创新、企业家活动配置与长期经济增长

本文继承并扩展了熊彼特关于企业家精神的思想,把企业家活动的配置引入内生技术创新模式。在本文中,企业家活动的配置决定了一个经济的R&D投入水平,技术水平和经济增长率。不同经济活动的报酬结构决定了企业家活动的配置,而且报酬结构是内生的,并且存在历史依赖性。本文的突破包括两个方面:一是把企业家活动的配置引入宏观的分析中,考察了企业家活动的配置对宏观总量的影响;二是把企业家活动的配置对经济活动影响的一般性分析引入创新活动分析中,考察了企业家活动的配置、相对报酬结构与技术创新水平之间的动态关系。本文的政策含义是,要提高经济中R&D投入水平,进而提高技术创新水平以及经济增长率,就必须通过政治、经济、法律和文化制度创新,营造激励创新的报酬结构,促使企业家更多地从事生产性的创新活动,经济才能打破低水平均衡陷阱,趋向较发达的均衡。本文对我国实施自主创新的国家战略具有重要的政策含义。     

税收政策对企业R&D投入行为及经济增长的影响机制研究

税收政策是激励企业加大R&D投入的重要R&D政策工具之一。文章通过对已有研究进行梳理,并根据税收政策的实际情况,对Morale(s2001)模型进行改进,动态模拟了随着政府R&D税收抵扣率的调整,企业R&D投入强度和经济增长率的变化趋势。研究结果表明,税收优惠政策对鼓励企业加大R&D投入和促进经济增长有显著的正向影响,但随着R&D税收抵扣率的提高,企业R&D强度和经济增长率的提升幅度递减,说明R&D优惠对企业R&D强度和经济增长的拉动效应都是递减的,建议政府在制定R&D税收政策时,应选择合适的税收抵扣率。     

我国知识生产投入产出关系的动态分析

知识生产和创新是促进技术进步和经济增长的重要因素。企业通过R&D投入可以生产出新知识,知识积累形成知识存量,知识存量又推动了技术进步,并进一步引致经济增长。基于新增长理论关于知识生产函数的基本设定,本文首先给出了一个扩张形式的知识生产函数,而后根据我国现实经济数据,在向量自回归的框架下通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解考察了各类因素对我国知识生产的影响。研究表明,R&D经费、R&D人员和知识存量对我国知识生产具有显著的促进作用;外商直接投资和进口对我国知识生产的促进作用不显著。本文认为,应采取切实措施鼓励企业增加R&D投入,同时增加政府财政支出中R&D投入的力度。     

企业R&D投入绩效影响因素的实证分析——基于江苏省企业创新调查数据

以江苏省企业创新调查数据为基础,根据调研数据的特点,采用最优尺度回归模型,对影响企业R&D投入绩效的微观关键因素进行实证分析。研究表明:企业规模、高新技术企业分类变量、企业家创新意识分类变量、R&D人员投入、R&D经费支出是影响企业R&D投入绩效的关键因素。为此,提升企业R&D投入绩效,应强化政府对企业R&D活动的支持和引导,加快以企业为主体的技术创新体系建设,确保高技术产业R&D活动的投入力度,建立并完善人才激励机制,促进企业R&D人员的创新活动,提升企业家的创新意识。     

企业创新项目R&D中的知识管理绩效评价研究

知识管理是企业创新项目R&D活动的重要部分,知识管理绩效决定着企业创新项目R&D活动的成败。阐述了企业创新项目R&D活动中的知识构成及知识管理绩效的评价原则,给出了知识管理绩效的评价指标体系,并运用DEA方法对组织创新项目R&D活动的知识管理绩效进行了实证评价。     

京津冀高技术产业活动效率测度

协同创新环境因素是影响区域高技术产业技术创新效率的重要因素。采用京津冀高技术产业1995-2015年的追踪数据,运用三阶段DEA-Windows模型,对京津冀高技术产业R&D活动效率进行比较分析。突出协同创新的环境因素,既剥离了外部环境和随机因素对创新效率的干扰,又考虑了京津冀创新效率的动态演进特征。结果表明：外部环境因素与随机噪声对京津冀高技术产业R&D活动投入产出效率均有显著影响,利用SFA回归法对环境因素和随机噪声进行剔除性分析是合理的。其中,技术获取结构、区域经济关联度、区域贸易依存度、科技型基础设施投资强度、区域比较劳动生产率对R&D经费和新产品开发经费投入冗余均有显著负向影响,而对R&D人员全时当量的影响则是多元的。剔除环境和随机干扰后,北京和天津的R&D活动投入产出效率有所降低,而河北的效率值有所提高。在上述研究的基础上,提出相应的对策建议。     

On R&D spillovers, multiple equilibria and indeterminacy

Empirical studies often find significant and positive R&D spillovers across firms. In this note, we incorporate this spillover effect into a scale-invariant quality-ladder model. We find that the modified model features multiple steady states (1) a high-R&D steady state, (2) a low-R&D steady state and (3) a zero-R&D steady state. As for dynamics, when R&D spillovers are small, only the zero-R&D steady state is stable, and it emerges as a no-growth trap. In this case, the economy is subject to sunspot fluctuations around this trap (i.e., local indeterminacy). When R&D spillovers are large, both the zero-R&D and high-R&D steady states are stable and locally indeterminate. In this case, increasing patent breadth may cause the high-R&D steady state to become unstable and the economy to converge to the no-growth trap. Therefore, strengthening patent protection may stifle innovation through the occurrence of a bifurcation.     

Redistributive innovation policy,inequality, and efficiency

We examine the efficiency and distributional effects of regressive and progressive public R&D policies that target high‐tech and low‐tech sectors using a heterogenous‐agent growth model with in‐house R&D and incomplete capital markets. We find that such policies have important implications for efficiency and inequality. A regressive public R&D investment financed by income tax could boost growth and welfare via a positive effect on individual savings and effort. It could, however, also lower growth and welfare via its effect on the efficiency–inequality trade‐off. Thus, the relationship between public R&D spending and welfare is hump‐shaped, admitting an optimal degree of regressivity in public R&D spending. Using our baseline model, and the US state‐level GDP data, we derive the degree of regressiveness of public R&D investment in US states. We find that US states are more regressive in their R&D investment than the optimal regressiveness implied by our growth model.     

R&D, innovation, and technological progress: a test of the Schumpeterian framework without scale effects

Abstract.  I use U.S. manufacturing industry data to estimate a system of three equations implied by a model of R&D‐induced growth in steady state. These equations relate R&D intensity to patenting, patenting to technological progress, and technological progress to economic growth. In each case, I find evidence of positive impact. Thus, I reject the null hypothesis that growth is not induced by R&D in favour of the Schumpeterian endogenous growth framework without scale effects. I also find strong support for technological spillovers from aggregate research intensity to industry‐level innovation success. JEL Classification: O40, O30     

知识生产、创新与研发投资回报

关于现实经济支持哪种类型的知识生产函数一直是一个有争议的问题,知识生产函数的性质不同决定了经济发展特征也可能存在较大差异.基于内生增长理论关于知识生产函数的基本设定,本文首先给出了一个扩张形式的知识生产函数,而后根据1998-2007年我国31个省份的数据,通过面板数据模型考察了我国知识生产函数的性质.研究发现,相对于Romer(1990)类型的知识生产函数而言,我国现实经济更支持Jones(1995)类型的知识生产函数,这说明我国知识生产中没有规模效应(scale effect).在此基础上,根据Jones and Williams(1998)的方法,本文进一步估算了我国研发投资的回报率以及最优研发投资规模.研究发现,我国现实经济的研发投资回报率要高于资本投资的回报率,最优研发投资规模比实际研发投资规模更大.     

ChinHow R&D Investments Influence TFP Growth: Evidence from China’s Large and Medium- Sized Industrial Enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

How R&;D investments influence TFP growth: Evidence from China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

R&D与生产率——基于中国制造业的实证研究

本文运用中国四位数制造产业数据对R&D与生产率之间的关系进行了实证检验。通过估计两种不同的生产函数模型,本文发现R&D对生产率有显著正影响。在控制了市场因素和产权因素的影响后,R&D与生产率之间仍旧表现出显著的正相关关系。本文还发现,R&D对生产率的促进作用也依赖于产业技术机会,高科技产业的R&D产出弹性显著大于非高科技产业的R&D产出弹性。     

The effectiveness of R&D subsidies

In this paper, the effectiveness of R&D subsidies is analyzed in an oligopolistic model that we apply to the cases of international R&D competition and cooperation. We find that the existence of asymmetric information among firms on whether a rival (or partner) is being subsidized or not may play a key role in explaining whether subsidies are effective or not in increasing R&D investments. In particular, it is shown that if the existence of the subsidy is made public (e.g. because strict information release regulation about R&D subsidies is enforced) and depending on the strategic relationship between the firms’ R&D efforts, an R&D subsidy could even hurt the subsidized firm.     

On the Growth and Welfare Effects of Defense R&D

In the United States, defense R&D share of GDP has decreased significantly since 1960. To analyze the implications on growth and welfare, we develop an R&D‐based growth model that features the commonly discussed crowding‐out and spillover effects of defense R&D on civilian R&D. The model also captures the effects of defense technology on (a) national security resembling consumption‐type public goods and (b) aggregate productivity via the spin‐off effect resembling productive public goods. In this framework, economic growth is driven by market‐based civilian R&D as in standard R&D‐based growth models and government‐financed public goods (i.e., defense R&D) as in Barro (1990). We find that defense R&D has an inverted‐U effect on growth, and the growth‐maximizing level of defense R&D is increasing in the spillover and spin‐off effects. As for the welfare‐maximizing level of defense R&D, it is increasing in the security‐enhancing effect of defense technology, and there exists a critical degree of this security‐enhancing effect below (above) which the welfare‐maximizing level is below (above) the growth‐maximizing level.     

Multiplicity and stagnation under the Romer model with increasing returns of R&D

This study develops a simple growth model to explain stagnation and non-simple growth patterns by using increasing returns of R&D efficiency. The study adopts a type of the lab-equipment model, namely, the Romer model, where goods are used as R&D input. Here, we assume capital, or durable goods, as the R&D input factor, and R&D efficiency is assumed to be variable. This arrangement yields three steady states, namely: no-growth, low-growth, and high-growth steady states. These trajectories are jumpable. Accordingly, global indeterminacy is obtained. By uniting the numerical analysis, we obtain that all steady states are saddle stable. However, when the increasing R&D efficiency is small, the path converging to a high-growth-rate steady state shows local indeterminacy.