我国征地补偿制度改革探讨

土地征用制度是我国一项基本土地制度，征地过程是集体土地转变为国有土地的所有权转变过程，强制性和补偿性是其两个基本特征，但现行征地补偿范围和补偿标准仍是计划经济思路，已产生了诸多问题，对其进行改革实为必要；透视了我国现行征地补偿制度的特点和缺陷，在分析评价当前改革观点和实践尝试的基础上，提出了生存权补偿概念并给出了其计算模型，提出了按土地评估价格全额补偿的理念并探讨了其保障体系建设。     

中国征地补偿制度的经济分析及征地改革建议

研究目的:探索征地补偿制度存在的问题及其改革的方向。研究方法:通过探索征地补偿与农地土地价格的关系,试图回答征地补偿标准高低的问题。对征地补偿制度进行经济分析,结合理论和国际经验探索征地补偿制度改革,提出改革建议。研究结论:(1)《土地管理法》规定的征地补偿标准不一定低于农地的土地价格,特别是在人均耕地面积占有量少的区域和当采用高限的土地补偿倍数和安置补助倍数时;(2)在"一对一"式的征地框架下,单纯提高补偿金难以平息征地中可能产生的种种争议和冲突;(3)"零星式"征地不利于为失地农民提供长期稳定的社会保障;(4)由于土地价值及其增值是由社会和国家(政府)带来的,一方面需要深入研究土地价值的归属,另一方面也要避免过高地补偿征地,过高的征地补偿也会产生(性质不同的)公平问题。笔者就征地改革制度提出建议:(1)"整村"式征地;(2)扩大可征地的范围,变"一对一"式的征地为"一对多"的可能征地关系;(3)改进征地补偿的计算方法,提高征地补偿的公平性;(4)将一次性征地补偿转变为按年支付的社会保险。     

Land use policy in China: Introduction

This themed issue of Land Use Policy builds mainly on papers presented at an international conference on ‘Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation’, convened by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China, in October 2012. The conference set out to share and promote new scientific findings from a range of disciplines that advance research on land use policy in China. The contributions to this themed issue provide conceptual–theoretical and empirical takes on the topic, around four main areas of interest to both researchers and policymakers: nation-wide land use issues, the Sloping Land Conversion Program, land engineering and land use, and land use transitions. Various land use issues have been associated with rapid urban–rural transformations in China, giving rise to formulation of new policies directly affecting land use. However, these have contributed to new land use problems due to the nature of the policies and the difficulties in policy implementation constrained by the special ‘dual-track’ structure of urban–rural development in China. In view of this, this themed edition makes a compelling call for more systematic research into the making and implementation of China's land use policy. It also emphasizes the challenges for further research on land use policy in China.     

Land acquisition and irrigation in Nigeria

With land as Nigeria's most important asset, successive local and central governments have sought to control the acquisition of land so that it may be put to optimal use by the population of 70 million. The author looks into the theory of land acquisition and its history in Nigeria, with special reference to a number of irrigation projects. He examines in depth the actions and attitudes of the developers in several cases and notes a lack of consistency and consideration on their part. The author records the resulting opposition to any irrigation project due to the injustices such schemes have engendered in the past. He suggests a set of guidelines to bring an Improvement in relations between land-owners and the authorities, so that development projects are not held back and finally implemented in an atmosphere of hostility.     

英国强制征购土地的补偿制度及其借鉴

研究目的:研究英国征购土地补偿制度,为完善中国征地补偿制度提供借鉴。研究方法:文献资料法和比较分析法。研究结果:英国强制征购土地具有完善的补偿制度,在补偿原则、范围、标准、估价方式以及仲裁等方面,均公允地考虑到当事各方的利益,中国征地补偿制度与之相比存在很大差异。研究结论:中国征地补偿制度不能适应当前的市场经济体制,征地补偿制度改革应以逐步适应市场化需求为主要方向。     

对完善中国现行征地制度的思考

研究目的:分析中国现行征地制度,提出完善建议.研究方法:文献资料法和比较分析法.研究结果:(1)2004年宪法修正案区分了土地征收和土地征用两个概念,但与海外国家和地区相比,中国在相关的部门法律与实践中仍然存在征地目的不明确、补偿范围过小、补偿标准过低等问题.(2)提出明确规定公共利益的范围,适时、适当调整征地补偿标准,推行征地制度的市场化运作等建议.研究结论:中国现行征地制度需要进一步改革.     

我国土地征用补偿制度的不足及完善

土地征用问题是当前复杂的三农问题之一，其中最集中的焦点问题是征地的补偿和安置问题。本文通过对我国现行土地征用补偿制度的分析，主要论述了它存在的一个新的不足——相关法规缺乏严密性的问题。并借鉴国外征地补偿的经验，提出了对它进行完善的办法和措施。     

城市化进程中土地征用改革与集体土地产权制度变迁

随着我国经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加快，农地非农化已是一个不可扭转的趋势，尤其是在城乡结合部。在农用地转征用过程中，如何保护农民的利益不受侵犯也成为了当今学术界的一个热门话题。本文从土地征用制度的改革方向以及集体土地产权制度变迁的趋势来讨论如何进一步保护和完善失地农民原有土地承包权的问题。试图通过对土地征用制度改革的反映而进一步完善集体土地产权制度提出一些政策建议。     

Land restitution and communal property associations: The Elandskloof case

Elandskloof was the first land restitution case in post-apartheid South Africa in which the government returned land to a community. The communal property association became dysfunctional, and the courts placed it under government administration. In its haste to return land to the community in the aftermath of the apartheid system the state did not set up comprehensive planning and consultative processes within government institutions, the beneficiary community and NGOs before returning the land. Consequently, the beneficiaries entertained expectations of resources that have not been met due to regulatory and institutional constraints, which have fuelled intense anger. In addition, internal community conflicts over membership eligibility and access to power and resources have bedevilled the project. The advantage of communal property associations is that they offer great flexibility in how a community can set up its land tenure system and the associated rules. However, lack of regulatory structure at the outset places great strain on a governing committee which has to create the rules, police them, judge them and administer sanctions. In Elandskloof, this occurred while the community was being reconstructed and the legitimacy of the governing committee itself was challenged. A major lesson is that the administrative structure, membership boundaries, and the land tenure rules should be established prior to land being returned to a community, and administrative powers need to be separated, at least until the community has settled. The case also raises policy questions about government administration of dysfunctional communal property associations.     

中国土地退化与法律保障对策

本文分析了中国土地退化的自然因素和人为因素 ,尤其强调了人为因素对土地破坏的现状及产生的灾害 ,从法制的宣传教育、立法、守法和加强执法等方面提出了保护对策     

土地承包权退出:政策演进、内涵辨析及关键问题

土地承包权退出是推进城镇化和农业现代化发展的重要组成部分.基于制度变迁理论,结合政策梳理和实践归纳,本文试图剖析土地承包权退出内涵纷争的内在逻辑,总结其核心要义,以规范理论界对土地承包权退出的理解.本文认为,土地承包权退出认识纷争与制度演进阶段有关,从长远来看,土地承包权退出应该以自愿有偿为前提,以放弃土地承包权为结果...     

Land distribution and acquisition practices in Ghana's cocoa frontier: The impact of a state-regulated marketing system

Substantial differences in the size of landholdings among cocoa farmers in the Western Region – the last cocoa “frontier” in Ghana – are primarily a result of inheritance practices and the purchase of vast tracts of land by migrants in the initial period of the cocoa boom. Individual accumulation of land over the last decade has mainly taken place via inheritance (among indigenous farmers) without takeovers of land and dispossession of small-scale farmers outside the extended family. Land accumulation among migrant farmers is rare beyond the initial acquisition. Large-scale farmers transfer surplus from their higher volume of cocoa production into investments in non-farm activities and construction of new residential houses—and not in land acquisition based on market transactions. State regulation of the cocoa sector has spurred increased efficiency among private cocoa purchasing companies and thereby reduced the marginalization of farmers with small landholdings by preserving their access to a vital source of income. The unique character of the Ghanaian purchasing system is a major factor behind the relatively stable proportion in the access and control of land for cocoa between extended families.     

中国土地退化与法律保护对策

本文分析了中国土地退化的自然因素和人为因素,尤其强调了人为因素对土地破坏的现状及产生的灾害,从法制的宣传教育、立法、守法和加强执法等方面提出了保护对策.     

对土地征用中外部性的经济学思考

随着城市化、工业化的不断加快,大量农地被征用。然而在征地过程中,过低的征地补偿费产生了一系列的外部成本,最终导致土地资源配置效率低下,威胁粮食安全,影响社会稳定,为经济发展带来了隐患。因此,必须根据市场公平价格原则来确定征地补偿价格,提高征地补偿费,并妥善安置失地农民,尽量消除因征地引发的各种不安定因素,减少外部成本对城市化和工业化的影响,促进城市化和工业化快速持续的发展。     

谈土地管理法修订中的集体土地征收与配套改革问题

结合多年从事基层国土工作的体会,运用系统分析方法,重新审视土地管理法修订中的集体土地征收问题,结果表明：（1）从集体土地征收的角度看法律制度设计,首要的问题是统筹处理好“保增长、保红线、保权益”的相互关系,而不是界定征收范围;（2）从修订土地管理法的背景看征地审批制度,重要的问题是理顺“会计”与“出纳”的关系,而不是由谁行使征地审批权;（j）从被征地农民的“现实需要”、“生计保障”和“持续发展”三个层次看补偿安置,重要的问题是在法定征地成本项目中锁定相关费用,而不是征地程序性;（4）从可行性的角度看法律的生命力,重要的问题是配套改革干部管理体制,而不是查处系统内干部的执行力。     

中国农村土地产权制度改革探讨

研究目的:提出改革中国农地产权制度的基本思路.研究方法:综合分析法.研究结论:坚持农村土地集体所有制不变,明晰集体土地所有权的主体、客体和权力内容,严格区分土地所有权与管理权,从制度建设上防止管理权侵犯或替代所有权.在集体土地使用权取得方式上,除以承包形式取得外,引入招标、拍卖、挂牌等形式.在集体土地使用权类型上,除承包外,应增加出让、出租、作价出资等形式,赋予集体土地使用权与国有土地使用权同样的权能.在保证用途不变的前提下,允许不同类型的集体土地使用权享有不同的转让、出租、抵押等权力,完善集体土地登记制度,规范集体土地二级市场.     

区域生态补偿与土地生态安全

研究目的:划定中国土地生态补偿分区方案,并提出相关的政策建议。研究方法:格局空间统计分析与生态地理区划。研究结果:中国土地生态安全表现为下降趋势,西部地区为高生态安全区,东部地区为低生态安全区,是生态服务功能空间传递的受益区,可将中国划分为生态补偿受体区(主要分布于西部)和生态补偿主体区(主要分布于东部)两个一级大区。研究结论:设立全国性的土地生态补偿专门机构,构建土地生态补偿的法律体系,建立科学高效的土地生态补偿监管体系,完善土地生态补偿的政策导引。     

广东省土地市场运作模式与相关政策分析

本文回顾了广东土地市场的发展过程，就土地相关政策对土地市场的导向作用进行了分析，并针对土地市场运作中的一些问题提出了完善土地市场运作模式的建议。     

我国土地利用和管理形势政策研判

目前土地利用和管理的政策重点为:调结构、调过剩产能、完善城乡统筹中土地制度,严格保护耕地.针对资源供应的刚性影响逐步扩大,全社会的发展理念发生着深刻的变化,为提高资源利用效率、走节约集约道路提供了良好的外部环境.应该供需双向调节,加速结构调整、统筹城乡发展,促进城市转型,加快宜居城市建设、实施建立差别化供地政策、强化耕地建设性保护专项工作.对2011年来讲,促进经济发展方式转变,节约集约用地是关键,严格保护耕地是硬任务,应推动土地利用方式根本转变.促进经济发展方式转变和经济社会又好又快发展.     

中国耕地产权与价值研究——兼论征地补偿

研究目的:规范并界定中国耕地的产权体系及各权利内涵,探讨各耕地权利的价值构成,分析征收耕地的补偿标准。研究方法:逻辑分析法,比较借鉴法,实证法。研究结果:耕地产权体系包含耕地的生产收益权、生存保障权、农地发展权、粮食安全权和生态安全权,各权利价值在不同的社会经济条件下有不同体现;征地补偿应逐步体现耕地各产权价值。