基础设施领域竞争机制引入方式研究

在政府进行较强程度规制甚至直接进行垄断经营的体制下,基础设施领域的低效运营状况几乎不可避免。基础设施领域各产业独特的技术经济特性决定了竞争机制引入方式的多样性;应针对不同类型的基础设施,采取增加生产者数量、利用潜在进入者和替代产品的威胁、增强买方和供方的侃价能力等多种方式引入竞争机制。政府应采取打破政府在基础设施领域的垄断、以合同约束取代行政管理、建立统一高效的监管体系、完善公共收费和支出体系、重新界定现有行业主管部门的职能等措施,为各种竞争机制的顺利引入创造条件。     

政府在基础设施领域引入竞争机制过程中的作用

迈克尔·波特的产业竞争模型表明,在基础设施领域引入竞争机制,既可采取直接方式,也可采取间接方式。然而,在基础设施领域引入竞争机制的过程中,存在政策壁垒、资本壁垒、在位者优势、买卖双方均处于弱势地位、及替代产品的威胁受到限制等阻碍因素。因此,政府应采取有效措施,发挥积极作用,为竞争机制的顺利引入创造条件。     

城市基础设施产业运营效率研究

文章分析了我国城市基础设施产业运营的特点和低效率的原因后指出,城市基础设施产业的高效率来自价格体制的重塑、竞争机制的引入和民营化。     

浅议我国垄断行业的政府管制的改革

垄断行业是社会基础设施的提供部门,关系到国计民生.目前我国垄断行业改革已取得一定成效,但也存在着缺乏竞争机制、服务质量不高、投资渠道单一等问题.本文认为引入竞争机制,是垄断行业改革的必然选择.     

我国水务产业市场准入问题研究

随着公用事业改革和城市化进程的推进,国内外民营资本进入供水和污水处理产业的期望越来越大。如何根据水务产业的特点和我国水务产业的实际状况,借鉴国外引入竞争机制的经验,寻求我国水务产业引入竞争机制和民营化的途径,是当前推进水务产业改革和发展的关键。从水务产业市场准入的角度探讨我国水务产业引入竞争机制和民营化途径,对我国水务产业市场准入改革具有重要意义。     

基础设施领域竞争模式选择问题分析

基础设施领域运营模式的选择,对于基础设施产业的运营效率、社会福利和国民经济的发展有重要影响。长期以来,政府对基础设施领域进行垄断经营的体制,造成了基础设施产业的低效运营状况,因此,基础设施领域引入竞争就成为其改革的重要方向。本文从基础设施领域引入竞争的客观性和可行性分析入手,论述了基础设施领域竞争模式的选择问题。     

基础设施领域竞争模式选择问题分析

基础设施领域运营模式的选择,对于基础设施产业的运营效率、社会福利和国民经济的发展有重要影响.长期以来,政府对基础设施领域进行垄断经营的体制,造成了基础设施产业的低效运营状况,因此,基础设施领域引入竞争就成为其改革的重要方向.本文从基础设施领域引入竞争的客观性和可行性分析入手,论述了基础设施领域竞争模式的选择问题.     

体育赛事电视转播权有偿转让新透视

文章通过对国内外体育赛事电视转播权问题的研究 ,认为国内体育赛事电视转播的发展应建立转播权法规 ,规范转播权 ,引入竞争机制 ,使之逐步走向正常化、制度化的轨道     

建立与完善农村公共产品供给机制的政策建议

一、改革地方政府对农村公共产品供给的投融资体制,构建有效的市场化竞争机制。1.在农村公共产品投资领域,地方政府应实行不同的供给机制,对供给领域进行竞争性环节和非竞争性环节的划分。对于竞争性环节,应该引入竞争机制;对于非竞争环节,应该以公共财政(财力)为基础,实行价格听证制度、招投标制度、合同出租等多种方式,由市场形成价格和竞争机制,逐步形成政府机制和市场机制的复合调节、公共部门和私人部门的混合生产,提高公共产品的资源配置效率。2.形成多样化的农村公共产品筹资机制,引入市场经济运行的法则为公共产品筹资提供丰富的选…     

略论国有经济与自然垄断领域具有天然的亲和力

目前,我国在自然垄断部门正在进行的改革探索,主要侧重于如何打破垄断“坚冰”,引入竞争机制,而对自然垄断部门的国有经济改革与发展问题的重视程度,远没有像对竞争性领域国有经济改革那样令人们殚精竭虑。如何结合自然垄断行业的技术经济特点,有效解决该领域中的国有经济的改革与发展问题,是改     

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE: AN APPLICATION TO GREEK MANUFACTURING

To comprehend the impact of public infrastructure on economic performance this paper provides a measure of productivity growth as derived from duality theory. This productivity growth is decomposed into the components of technical change, returns to scale and the effects of public infrastructure, the variable of our interest. In an application, we opt for Greek manufacturing so as to investigate whether the decline in its growth rate is partly explained by public infrastructure. Despite some variation in the estimation results of shadow shares across industries, public infrastructure asserts a cost saving effect in most industries, though it also appears that traditional labour‐intensive industries with lower level of technological advancement do not benefit from the provision of public infrastructure. The estimation results further demonstrate that while public infrastructure enhanced productivity growth over the sample period for most industries, low infrastructure investment in the 1970s and the 1980s undermined productivity growth.     

制定“蓝色工程”计划 发展海洋产业群

以开发海洋资源形成的海洋产业群构成了现代海洋经济,建设海洋经济强国的重要任务就是要不断发展壮大海洋产业群。本文研究分析了现代海洋产业的发展趋势及其在世界经济中的地位和作用;分析了我国海洋产业的发展现状和前景;提出了我国发展海洋产业、建设海洋经济强国的基本思路及政策建议。我国应该尽早安排制定以发展海洋产业为目的的“蓝色工程”计划,在21世纪全面开发海洋的世界性竞争中抢占有利地位,提高海洋国际竞争能力。发展海洋产业是把我国海洋事业全面推向21世纪的主要任务,也是海洋为经济建设眼务的切入点。本文试图从海洋产业安排角度论证建设海洋经济强国的宏大设想。     

Taking the measure of things: the role of measurement in EU trade

In this paper theoretical and empirical models of intra-industry trade are developed in which economic activities, based on measurement and an associated measurement infrastructure, play a role in creating product variety. The paper discusses how the measurement infrastructure which includes institutions conducting metrological research and standard setting organization reduces transactions costs, especially in markets where differences in product characteristics are important. The theoretical analysis focuses on the public good characteristics of the measurement infrastructure, considering how the infrastructure impacts upon trade in a model based upon product differentiation under monopolistic competition. In the econometric analysis, indicators of the strength of the infrastructure within the EU, both across industries and across countries, suggest that measurement activities are important in determining the extent of bi-lateral EU intra-industry trade. Despite many common elements in the measurement infrastructure across the EU, there is also some evidence of differential access to the infrastructure among EU members.     

Deregulating Network Industries: Dealing with Price-quality Tradeoffs

This paper examines the effects of introducing competition into monopolized network industries on prices and infrastructure quality. Analyzing a model with reduced-form demand, we first show that deregulating an integrated monopoly cannot simultaneously decrease the retail price and increase infrastructure quality. Second, we derive conditions under which reducing both retail price and infrastructure quality relative to the integrated monopoly outcome increases welfare. Third, we argue that restructuring and setting very low access charges may yield welfare losses, as infrastructure investment is undermined. We provide an extensive analysis of the linear demand model and discuss policy implications.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

Import competition,fast-track authority and U.S. policy toward China

Has the rise of China influenced U.S. legislation? China’s economic rise in the past 30 years has largely been driven by its exports of labor intensive products. Taking advantage of this supply shock in the United States and cross-district variation in the composition of industries, we investigate the potential role of Chinese imports in U.S. legislators’ decision on granting Fast-Track Authority to the president. Consistent with Conconi et al. (2012), our empirical analyses indicate that in districts with more industries that are exposed to Chinese import competition, legislators are less likely to give up the power to amend international trade agreements. Interestingly, Chinese imports may distort the view of constituents toward China which render legislators in districts subject to large Chinese import competition to take an affirmative position on foreign policy that may hurt China.     

空间外部性视角下的地方政府支出策略互动模式

运用空间面板计量方法研究了分税制改革以来中国地方政府支出的策略互动模式。结果表明,基本建设、文教科卫和预算外支出具有显著的空间自相关性,表现出策略互补,行政管理支出则由于地方财力情况的差异形成策略替代,效益外溢性、财政竞争机制和标尺效应在其中交替发挥了主导作用。财政收支分权对支出策略互动模式的影响效果并不一致,扩张支出分权将加剧以基建支出为主的地方政府竞争。财政分权的改革方向是使地方政府在一定程度上拥有收入自主权,中央适当上收具有强烈区域外溢性的公共品供给责任,降低地方非正式收支自主权,从制度层面营造地区间协调有序的竞争关系。     

Can Chinese aid win the hearts and minds of Africa’s local population?

The vast increase in China’s aid projects has raised mounting concerns about the effectiveness of Chinese aid. To assess Chinese development assistance in Africa from the perspective of local residents’ attitude toward Chinese projects, we geographically match Chinese aid projects in Africa from 2000 to 2012 to the respondents of the Afrobarometer survey. By comparing the attitudes toward China reported by individuals who live close to ongoing Chinese projects at the time of the interview to those of individuals who live near sites where Chinese projects will be implemented in the future, this study establishes that the presence of Chinese projects induces a positive view of Chinese aid within the local population. Our mechanism analysis shows that people from all statuses can benefit from economic infrastructure projects, while the advantaged tend to have a better view of Chinese aid. In contrast, social infrastructure aid inspires a more positive view among disadvantaged people. We thus demonstrate that aid can have a differential impact on local attitudes, depending on aid types and statuses of recipients.     

The Pattern of Exchange Rate Effects on Chinese Prices, 1980–2002

This study sheds light on the current debate on the effect of the urged appreciation of the Chinese yuan by examining the linkage between currency‐value changes and domestic producer prices, using annual data from 14 broad industry sectors in China for the years 1980–2002. A structural break analysis implies that only in the past decade, when price liberalization was essentially achieved and the deepening of state‐owned enterprise reform was in place, has an economic system in which prices respond to exchange rate fluctuations via the expected market mechanism been set up in China. Incomplete exchange rate passthrough to domestic prices is estimated and is found to vary across industries and over time. The variations are suggested to be explained by a set of variables that characterize market competitiveness, infrastructure development, and the increasing proportion of nonstate‐owned enterprises in the economy.     

管制、竞争与民营银行的发展

金融深化的基础是管制与竞争的均衡。计划体制下,国家对金融业一直采取国有控股或国家垄断,因而产生民营银行压抑现象。市场化改革显化了金融制度与经济制度的摩擦,因而民营银行发展在金融深化中具有现实性,也是金融基础设施建设的重要组成。从竞争的角度看,放松民营银行进入壁垒,有助于金融业适度竞争,同时也是国有银行改革的重要组成部分。当然,金融本身的脆弱性说明银行民营化过程也是管制重建的过程。