部分国外厂商对中国大陆市场“质量歧视”的成因及对策

部分国外厂商对其所产同种产品在大陆市场和欧美市场使用区别性政策,对大陆市场实行“质量歧视”。究其原因,主要包括国内厂商所产替代品不能有效满足消费者需求等。为消除“质量歧视”现象,必须加强企业管理水平和科技创新能力,从根本上提升我国产品的竞争能力,提高政府质量监督管理水平,改善监管制度体系,全面建立和完善社会诚信机制和维权机制。     

International negotiations on carbon dioxide reductions: A dynamic game model

Is there is a warming trend in the earth's climate caused by an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere, it may be sensible to try to slow down that process by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and, in particular, the emissions of carbon dioxide produced by the energy sector of world economies. For a number of reasons, a consensus on such reductions is difficult to reach. In this article, we model the problem as a dynamic game with national governments, or coalitions of such governments, as players. Clearly, the negotiations on worldwide reductions in CO₂ emissions can succeed only if there exists a cooperative solution superior to the noncooperative one. According to our model, the existence of a collectively preferable cooperative solution depends on the degree of concern among national governments about negative impacts of increased CO₂ concentrations. In addition to this unsurprising conclusion, the model can provide insights as to whose concerns will count most for the success of the negotiations and who will have to be induced by side payments to participate.     

Country Market Sequential Order-of-Entry: A Learning Effects Approach

ABSTRACT

In this article, we identify and describe the sequential order-of-entry problem. The sequential order-of-entry problem arises when, after having identified a desirable set of country markets to enter, firms are unable (because of budgetary constraints), or unwilling (because of possible learning or strategic issues), to enter all at once. The question then arises whether some sequences to entering the desirable set of country markets are better than others? Answering this question is shown to be nontrivial. The article outlines a number of arguments for the existence of superior sequences to entering a set of desirable country markets, and develops normative and dynamic frameworks to aid in the identification and evaluation of sequences.     

我国西部制造业存在的问题及解决对策

实施西部大开发不仅仅是一个区域性的发展战略 ,而且是一项总揽全局的重大战略。制造业作为国民经济发展的支柱产业 ,对西部经济的发展同样起着举足轻重的作用。我国实施西部大开发战略 ,为西部地区提升制造业的竞争力、促进经济发展提供了机遇     

试析市场诚信机制建立的途径

建立我国市场经济活动中的诚信机制是保证当前市场经济正常运行的重要条件。文章指出,要建立我国市场经济中的诚信机制,必须完善市场经济活动中的政策法规,使没有诚信的经销商和企业无立足之地;规范地方行政执法部门的行为准则,以保证法律法规得以严格执行;建立新的地方政府政绩评价体系,纠正当前地方政府政绩评价体系中存在的严重偏差,防止“地方保护主义”的出现;树立有中国特色的社会诚信意识,促进地区和企业的经济增长。     

非营利组织财务管理问题的对策研究

随着社会经济的发展和政府改革的推进,我国非营利组织数量在不断增加,但是规模相对较小,相关的规章制度不够具体和完善,在财务管理方面存在着法律法规制度上的不完善、组织内部采购和物资管理混乱、财务信息透明度低、绩效评估难以量化等问题。为促进非营利组织的健康可持续发展,应成立专门的立法研究机构,健全完善相关的法律法规政策;加强采购过程的规范化;引进先进的财务管理系统和专业人才;建立公开财务信息的专业渠道,提高信息的透明度;设计专门的评估系统进行非营利组织绩效的评估。     

基于效用偏好与主体博弈的城乡商贸统筹模型建构

在建设我国社会主义和谐社会和新农村的大背景下,基于城乡商贸统筹的视角,通过文献梳理与实际访谈相结合的方式,本文建立起农村消费者、商贸流通企业、政府三方主体的效用指标体系与博弈模型,并采用实证分析的方法,得出了"政府支持、企业投入、农民响应"的统筹均衡解。     

公司和农户间自我履约机制的设计:一种风险贴水的方法

"公司+农户"这一组织模式在其运行过程中面临着越来越多的问题与困境,高违约率的现实使得分析公司和农户间契约的内在机制、设计更加有效的契约形式显得尤为迫切。在我国法律尚不能完全强制契约执行的前提下,合理的风险分担机制应该是解决农业契约违约率过高、提高农业契约运作效率的基本方向。基于重复博弈理论,公司和农户签订长期契约并且将风险贴水作为一种自我履约机制,将有助于抑制公司的违约倾向,保证契约的稳定运作。     

A New Approach to Resolving the Right-to-work Ethical Dilemma

Union security has long been an industrial relations controversy. While compulsory unionism supporters say it benefits the working class, right-to-work advocates denounce it as an unethical infringement of individual rights and freedom. Unfortunately, neither side has adequately addressed the shortcomings of their viewpoint, nor the broader worker concerns about effective representation beyond just “unionism”. In this paper, we examine the ethical and practical problems of compulsory (union security) and voluntary (right-to-work) unionism and propose a new resolution, compulsory proportional representation, that has the advantages of: (a) ensuring workers’ freedom to associate or not associate, (b) promoting freedom to contract, (c) allowing free competition in representation in line with anti-trust principles, (d) improving industrial peace and efficiency, (e) enhancing fairness and social justice, and (f) addressing the employer–employee power imbalance. It is superior to either voluntary unionism, which often lead to management unilateralism, or compulsory unionism, where workers are compelled to join unions against their will. Helen Lam is an Associate Professor, Human Resource Management, in Athabasca University, working at the Centre for Innovative Management which focuses on graduate management programs in business administration. She received her Ph.D. from the Faculty of Business at the University of Alberta. Her research interests include the areas of downsizing, restructuring, quality initiatives, business ethics, employment relations, human rights and legal issues at the workplace. Her work has been published in a variety of academic journals. Mark Harcourt is a professor in the Department of Strategy and Human Resource Management, Waikato Management School, Waikato University. Mark has a Ph.D. in Business Administration from the University of Alberta, a Masters of Industrial Relations from the University of Toronto, and a Bachelor of Commerce from Queen’s University. His teaching focus is on employment relations and human resources management. Mark has also published articles in many national and international journals on a variety of topics, including health and safety, and discrimination.     

The Tunisia Wheat Market in the Context of World Price Volatility: A Stochastic Partial Equilibrium Approach

Food security is a key objective of agricultural and food policy in Tunisia. The 2007–2008 food crisis highlighted the negative impacts of price volatility on international markets both in terms of food insecurity and budget exposure. Tunisian food subsidy expenditures ranged from $180 million to $710 million in 2006–2010, so volatile world prices meant volatile subsidy costs. Moreover, cereal production in Tunisia still has much instability due to climate conditions, which also influences imports and, consequently, subsidy expenditures. This study applies a structural model to conduct stochastic analyses of trade and policy impacts on food security and budget expenditures in the Tunisian wheat market. The methodology disaggregates durum wheat and soft wheat markets and generates projections of import prices of durum wheat and soft wheat, using projections of world prices provided by the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute at University of Missouri (FAPRI-MU). The key innovation is the generated stochastic analyses of subsidy costs based on stochastic world price projections and stochastic domestic wheat yields based on historic yield variances. The analysis highlights the sensitivity of subsidy costs to world prices, volumes imported and domestic production, so that alternative policy tools can be considered.     

A Simplified Approach to Teaching the Value of Multinational Diversification

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which a specific time-based country experience outside of the subject’s native regional cultural cluster, would be able to explain the subject’s level of cultural intelligence. Using a sample of 143 subjects, the results suggest individuals who have identified the country within which they have spent the most total time to be a non-Anglo country had developed a higher level of cultural intelligence than demographically similar U.S. citizens in the sample who spent their most significant amount of time in an Anglo cluster country. In addition, it was found that those subjects within the Anglo culture cluster group who traveled internationally but spent the greater amount of time in a foreign Anglo culture country (i.e., non-USA), did not significantly differ in three of the four cultural dimensions from those who never traveled outside of the USA. These results suggest country choice can make a difference.     

A Functional Approach to International Channel Structure and the Role of Independent Wholesalers

The functional approach to the design of marketing channels has a long history in the marketing literature. In more recent years, the functional approach has been all but forgotten as the transactions cost approach has come into fashion. Yet, the functional approach offers severl significant advantages over transactions cost analysis, especially when the number of functions is condensed. Using a succint summary of the functions, produced through factor analysis, this paper examines the relationship between the functional performance capabilities of U.S. wholesalers used in the channel structure of foreign manufacturers. A statistically significant relationship was found, thus providing evidence of the role of functions in determining channel structure.     

The Response to the Commitment with Block-Leader Recycling Promotion Technique: A Longitudinal Approach

SUMMARY

This article focuses on the study of the changes in consumers' recycling beliefs, attitudes, and behavior due to the application of one promotion technique: a commitment by block leader technique characterized by the agreeing participant signing a request or statement in which s/he makes a commitment to recycle as a result of the encouragement of a person who belongs to the same social circle. We therefore carried out a quasi-experimental work whose results enable us to explain the response to this recycling promotion technique. It makes a contribution to existing environmental literature by (1) systemizing the set of existing doctrines in order to explain the response to this recycling promotion technique, and (2) revealing the effects of this technique on people's beliefs and attitudes. The practical implications that may stem from these contributions are of an educational nature and should be of use to the public management of promotion campaigns.     

An Economic Approach to Business Ethics: Moral Agency of the Firm and the Enabling and Constraining Effects of Economic Institutions and Interactions in a Market Economy

The paper maps out an alternative to a behavioural (economic) approach to business ethics. Special attention is paid to the fundamental philosophical principle that any moral ‘ought’ implies a practical ‘can’, which the paper interprets with regard to the economic viability of moral agency of the firm under the conditions of the market economy, in particular competition. The paper details an economic understanding of business ethics with regard to classical and neo-classical views, on the one hand, and institutional, libertarian thought, on the other hand. Implications are derived regarding unintentional and passive intentional moral agency of the firm. The paper moves on to suggest that moral agency can be economically viable in competitive ‘market’ interactions, which is conventionally disputed by classical/neo-classical and institutional, libertarian economics. The paper here conceptualises active moral agency of the firm as the utilisation of ethical capital in firm--stakeholder interactions. This yields a reinterpretation of instrumental stakeholder theory.     

出口退税、行业集中度与出口行业“盯市”行为研究

本文以金融危机前后曾出现的出口退税较大调整为背景,应用面板平滑转换模型（ PSTR）对出口行业“盯市”（依市定价）程度与出口退税、行业集中度之间的关系展开探讨。研究结果表明,就行业集中度而言,无论危机前还是危机后始终对出口行业的PTM行为产生影响,且均与PTM存在平滑转变的非线性关系;出口退税仅在危机后的大幅提升后才对PTM影响显著,并表现为突变的快速向下的门限效应,而危机前对PTM并无影响;与出口退税相比,行业集中度对PTM的影响虽非立竿见影但却是缓慢且持久的。     

A Heckman Sample Selection Approach to the Demand for Organic Food Products: An Exploratory Study Using Penang Data

Heckman's sample selection analysis is used on survey data in Penang, Malaysia, to examine sociodemographical and attitudinal factors affecting purchase decisions and expenditures on organic food products (OFP). Results of the marginal effects indicate that Chinese, affluent, and those who do not consider price to be a major factor have higher probabilities to spend and expend more on OFP. While Malays, females, and those with concerns about chemical additives and who consume monthly health supplements are likelier purchasers, those who perceive a lack of availability in the market are less prone to procure OFP. Last, individuals between 31–56 years and with more children spend in larger amounts compared to others.     

On the “Invisible Inventory Conundrum” in RFID‐Equipped Supply Chains: A Data Science Approach to Assessing Tag Performance

Recent trade reports suggest that RFID implementation continues to lag lofty projections. A primary concern is that, despite the high cost of implementing RFID systems, realized read‐rates fall short of expectations. This results in the invisible inventory conundrum whereby tagged merchandise may still not be accurately represented in inventory records. Drawing from data science to address this issue, we ask: How can directed data mining models be used to identify laboratory test performance criteria for RFID tags that operate reliably across the idiosyncratic facilities (i.e., unique DCs, warehouses, and stores) that comprise apparel retailers’ supply chains? We investigate this question by advancing a methodology that integrates laboratory test performance data, field tests of RFID tags fixed to apparel items and scanned under normal operating conditions, and the application of five directed data mining models to the integrated data set of laboratory and field test results. Our analyses of 45,416 observations show that two directed data mining models may identify—with near‐100% accuracy—laboratory test criteria that discriminate tags having 99% or greater read‐rates in the field. Accordingly, our study validates a generalizable methodology for identifying technical performance standards for tags that operate reliably within apparel retailers’ supply chains.