Assessment of the immigration effect and choice of development pattern for scenic areas： a case study of Wuyi Mountain, China

Mountainous regions face a series of Conflicts betWeen the natural resources conservation and the economic development, especially in protected areas, where are the home to some of the poorest people in＇the world In China, the Protected Areas Authorities （such as Protected Areas Authorities of Wuyi Mountain） transferred the mountainous people out of the protected areas. We found that it is not a good approach of immigration project, as fal economic and ecological effect is concerned. Although remote and majestic, beauty attracted many tourists, mass tourism is not a good approach to soh,e the development problem in mountainous areas because it can not provide enough opportunites to make local people live a comfortable life, and the high volume of tourists indicates that the resources, face significant threats. Because many fandscapes,are run by Private enterprises, local residents and government only get limited benefits. Alihough ecotourism principles expatiate on economic development and resource, onservation, local people income and tourists feelings, it has discordance between the theory and the praciice Therefore. the term of ＂integrated ecotourism ＂ was coined in the paper.based on the ecotourism theory, Integrated ecotourism means a broadly tourism resources and pendulum spatial pattern which will come into being with the movement of local,people and tourists from protected areas io the nearby town or city： and it also tries to solve the property right conflict of mountain land between the local people and the private enterprises according to property right theory.     

Research on the sustainable development of ecotourism in protected areas： a review

Due to the unique function of protected areas in species and nature resources conservation, sustainability has become the primary consideration in the development of ecotourism in protected areas. This paper focuses on this issue, and reviews the current literatures in this field, tries to give a comprehensive review which can also be organized in logical sense, classifies three major paradigms about the current research： research on the development of ecotourism in protected areas, research on the external indicators which affect the sustainability of ecotourism in protected areas, researches on the assessment of sustainability of ecotourism in protected areas, and finally points out that the further study in this field must be carried out by inter-disciplines, such as cultural economics and ecological economics.     

Community participation mode of ecotourism in Tibetan area of Shangfi-La County, Yunnan Province

Community participation is one of the focuses of the research on ecotourism. The research on community participative model is of great theoretical and practical significance. Based on the former experts＇ studies, this paper analyzes ecotourism demonstration areas in Diqing Shangri-La of Yunnan as a case study. It mainly expounds the relationship between ecotourism and community participation and puts forward such a community participative model of ecotourism in Shangri-La.     

Elementary Introduction and Suggestion on Ecotourism

The ecotourism is a combination of popularizing ecological, scientific knowledge and increasing the nation‘s awareness of protection of nature. Therefore, it is a better form for national forest parks and nature reserves to fully publicize the necessity of environmental protection. The combination of ecology with tourism is the current world-developing tendency.     

A model of deep ecotourism development and its empirical study

Ecotourism requires the harmony of all factors involved in tourism system for a multilateral benefit. Based on such cognition, a concept of deep ecotourism development is put forward which includes two connotations： on the one hand, it should give prominence to the display of the eco-culture of the tourist destination and tourists＇ eco-experience, in which way the development behavior on the tourist destination and the tourists＇ behavior will be regulated; on the other hand, it implies the deep harmony among tourist entrepreneurs and tourists, the local governments and the local residents, as well as tourist activities and the ecological environment in the tourism development for the multilateral benefit of every element involved and sustainable tourism development. The common sense is that the degrees in a certain tourism destination will differ and that consequently four levels of ecotourism are divided - very shallow ecotourism, shallow ecotourism, deep ecotourism and very deep ecotourism. To move shallow ecotourism toward deep one, two models of ＂four subjects and two wings＂ and ＂connecting the two wings＂ of deep ecotourism development system are introduced to make ecotourism industry favorable to the display of eco-culture and the sustainable development of the destination community. With the two models, a case study of ecotourism development in Louguantai National Forest Park was made as a demonstration. The ultimate purpose is to build an ideal new Shangri-La.     

Orientation and community participation of ecological development： a case study of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang City, China

Entrusted to by Shijiazhuang municipal Party committee and government,Shanghai Tongji University finished ＂The General Planning of Ecological Development Project of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang City＂.It aims to build Hutuo River into a wind-breaking and sand-fixing barrier and ecological protect district in the north of Shijiazhuang based on the recovery of natural ecology to improve the environment of Shijiazhuang city.It also intends to develop the district lightly and build it into a nature beauty spot and big park.After the construction for several years,the general environment of this district has been greatly improved.But during the development,the man-made landscapes are highlighted excessively,which deviates from the construction of nature landscape.The currency of constructing big leisure park gradually comes into being,so the recovery of nature ecological is slow.So,this paper intends to make the orientation to ecological development of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang city and puts forward the community participation to promote the future development of ecotourism in Shijiazhuang.     

Study on security and protection of original ecotourism resources in the mountain areas of western Guangxi

Original ecotourism resources mainly refer to natural and human original ecotourism resources, and it＇s of fragility, rarity and irreversibility. As a valuable historic heritage and hnportant tourism resources, it plays a significant role in developing tourism and economy in such areas as the underdeveloped areas, the mountain areas and mimority areas. The tourism resources in the western mountain areas of Guangxi owe ,superiorities and characteristics ＇o their original ecology, Yet, western Guangxi is an ethnic region with fragile karst eco-environment, so it is specialto exploit the tourism resources. The paper defines original eeotourism and analyses the specialties and advantages of the original ecotourism resources as well as thefrailty of the ecotourism resources of the region. The ways of thinking are put forward for safe preservation and sustainable development of the original ecotourism resources, i.e. carrying out measures for the multi-grade protection of heritage resources, setting up a ethnic eco-museum/ ethnic culture eco-park and a gene pool of ethnic cultures, etc.     

Study on the ecotourism model of the ethnic region in western Sichuan Province under the comprehensive tourism strategy: a case of Zoige County

The ethnic areas of western Sichuan Province are characterized by complicated topography, seismic active zone, serious soil erosion, fragile eco-environment, low level of economy, and so on. Periphery regions and central regions appear in western Sichuan Province. The socioconomic development in the central regions is at high level, whereas the ethnic areas are generally at lower level. Moreover. the deterioration of the eco-environment has seriously restricted the development of traditional industries in the ethnic areas, and it is necessary to develop environment-friendly and resource-saving industries. The ethnic areas of western Sichuan Province are rich in tourism resources, and have the potentiality of developing ecotourism. Advantages＇ of tourism resources in the ethnic areas should be made full use of and ＂comprehensive tourism ＂ is the requirement of the characteristics and the status quo of the ethnic areas. The ＂comprehensive tourism development model ＂ has the functions of ecotourism on the key industry. Based on the demands and the interaction among different industries, the model cart accelerate the development of related-industries, such as eco-agrieulture, eco-industry, eco-tertiary industry, and so on. Through implementing the comprehensive tourism model, we can fully utilize the advantages of ethnic areas, and promote the rapid and sustainable growth of regional economy, and also the harmonious development of economy, environment and society.     

Suitability evaluation of regional coastal ecotourism based on SOM neural network model:a case study of Qingdao,Yantai,Weihai and Rizhao of Shandong Province

Development of coastal ecotourism has been a,focus of Shandong government, and the suitability evaluation of regional eoastai ecotourism is crucial for the reasonable plan and sustainable development of Shandong coastal ecotourism. By using MATLAB language to establish a SOM neural network model, this＇ paper evaluates the eoastal ecotourism suitability of four regions, Qingdao. Yantai, Weihai and Rizhao of Shandong Province and divides 33 subordinate regions of those four cities into four categories, i.e. regions poorly suitable for ecotourism resources, regions highly suitable for coastal ecotourism, regions secondly suitable for coastal ecotourism, regions ordinarily suitable.for coastal ecotourism, Related suggestions on development of regional coastal ecotourism have been given in the final conclusions.     

Resource constraint,sustainable economic growth pattern and transformation of economic system in China

Over the past 20 years, China has made spectacular achievements in economic growth as well as in thetransformation of economic growth pattern. Industrial structure is being updated, and technology is playing a more andmore important role in economic development. The energy and resource consumption in many industries and enterprisesare reducing. However, we should realize that there are still many problems in changing the economic growth pattern,such as high input, high consumption, high discharge, inharmony, recycling difficulty, and low efficiency, which havegreatly impaired and restrict Chinese economic development. Therefore, the fundamental change of the economic growthpattern is inevitable. Based on the analysis on the status quo and the exploit of resources, this paper suggests that thetransformation from unsustainable to sustainable growth is the only choice in changing the economic growth pattern. Inaddition, the transformation should not completely rely on the fundamental effects of market mechanism. We should makefull use of the power of governments to speed up the transformation of economic system.     

我国山岳型森林公园的资源类型、特征与开发——以广东省为例

我国山岳型森林公园的类型可以按山体海拔高度、组成山体的岩性特征和地貌类型划分。以广东省为例,省内山岳型森林公园的特征主要表现在风景资源多姿多彩,以森林景观为主体,地文、天象、水文和人文等景观资源组合度好,自然景观引入入胜,区域环境质量优越、旅游开发潜力较强。在开发过程中,应注意合理规划,挖掘特色,遵循人与自然和谐以及可持续发展的原则,处理好资源开发与资源环境保护的关系。     

生态文明视域下中越边境壮民族传统文化的现代价值探析——以广西壮族自治区弄岗自然保护区为例

广西壮族自治区弄岗自然保护区是祖国西南边陲重要的热带亚热带自然保护区,是物种资源最丰富、生态环境保存比较完整的自然保护区.这里的世居壮民族热爱大自然,保护大自然,在长期的世世代代繁衍生息中,形成了独特的、五彩缤纷的民族传统文化,蕴含着对大自然的敬畏,对生态环境的执著卫护,对祖国秀美山川的热爱与保护的真情.梳理、发扬这些优秀的文化传统,于当地的生态文明建设将有极大的裨益.     

20世纪六七十年代美国妇女环保运动透视

在科技进步、经济繁荣、社会变革的大背景下,20世纪六七十年代美国妇女环保运动,主要治理化学污染、核污染等环境污染,追求健康、清洁、舒适的工作和生活环境,以及人类与自然的和谐相融。美国妇女充当了生态环境保护的急先锋。     

自然保护区的功能及强化管理的思考

本文结合高黎贡山国家级自然保护区十余年建设,阐述了自然保护区独特的作用,并对自然保护区的建设提出：合理规划,明确重点;强化法制,有效保护自然资源;加大宣传教育力度,提高全民自然保护意识;大力倡导科技兴区,提高保护区科技含量;努力推行社区共管,推动保护区与社区经济协调发展等问题的思考。     

欧洲荒野景观再野化的发展与启示

欧洲荒野景观再野化是全球荒野保护运动中的创新典范，建立在人与自然和谐共存的自然生态观上，构建出引人瞩目的具有21世纪特色的保护思路。其经历了从目标驱动为主导到恢复再野化发展的保护理念转变，该过程将保护运动升级到整个生态系统，并提出“基于自然的解决方案”，显示出欧洲国家对土地利用的创新思考。在分析欧洲荒野保护发展历程后，以“欧洲再野化”(Rewilding Europe)项目为切入点，介绍其发展理念，梳理其主体建构、合作机制及政策导向，以期丰富国际荒野保护的研究，并为中国构建荒野保护理念及体系提供参考。     

Species protection from current reserves: Economic and biological considerations, spatial issues and policy evaluation

The expansion of nature reserves is an important public policy strategy for the protection of biological diversity. In this paper, the authors use integer programming model structures derived from Location Set Covering Problem and Maximal Covering Location Problem approaches of location science as tools for selectively augmenting nature reserve sites for special status species protection. The linear programming models presented incorporate the following: biological constraints in the form of species' area needs; economic constraints in the form of opportunity costs of converting smaller administrative districts into nature reserves; and spatial constraints in the form of required connectivity among districts in site selection. The construction of a taxonomic data set for Thailand enables the implementation of the models, the comparison of results and evaluation of the differences in outcomes. The models build upon the existing nature reserve network in Thailand and suggest various public policy options that would augment the reserves for enhancing species protection and for possibly improving national conservation efforts at lowest costs.     

论公司合并中债权人的权利

公司合并对公司债权人的债权实现会产生重大的影响，但是对债权人的保护不应以损害公司合并效率为代价。新《公司法》很好地确立了这一立法价值取向，但是在保护债权人制度的具体设计上，却存在诸多的缺陷，特别是没有规定债权人权利损害的救济请求权，对债权人的保护殊为不利，需要立法进一步明确。     

论内资“BOT”方式及其在西部大开发中环境基础设施建设领域的应用

随着经济的发展,环境问题已经成为影响我国人民生命健康和经济可持续发展的重要因素。在西部大开发过程中,我国西部业已十分脆弱的生态环境将面临比世界其他国家和地区更为严峻的环境形势。为尊重自然、保护自然,建立人与自然的和谐共处、协调发展的关系,充分利用国内私人资本在西部环境基础设施领域的投资,在保护环境的同时拉动内需、实现西部经济可持续发展中,“BOT”投融资方式的应用无疑是上上之选。     

浅析乡镇企业发展与环境保护

随着世界性环境保护意识的加强，以环境保护为主题的绿色浪潮日益高涨，面对世纪性的绿色挑战，如何妥善处理好乡镇企业发展与环境保护的关系，是我国可持续发展战略需要认真研究的一个问题。     

基于生态服务-生态健康综合评估的 城市生态保护规划研究

人类对自然保护的认知和理念决定了生态保护的方法 与手段。20世纪60年代至今，人们对生态保护的认识经历了4 个阶段，其中以维持自然为核心的物种保护法和以生态服务为 核心的生态功能法是当前生态保护规划的2种主流方法。从城市 生态环境特征、生态问题和生态需求分析入手，提出了基于生 态服务-生态健康(ES-EH)综合评估的城市生态保护方法。以 哈尔滨空港新城为例，选取影响重大的6个生态因子，以加权叠 加法识别出生态保护区范围。研究结果表明：划定的10.36% 的保护区保留了53.49%的生态调节、89.04%的文化服务和 15.69%的生态支持功能，以及71.85%的重要生态结构和 61.91%的生态高恢复力地区。在城市扩张过程中如何科学保 护现存的生态资源意义重大，研究结果可为国土空间规划“双 评价”及城市生态保护提供依据和参考。