新农村建设下的公共产品供给问题探讨

农村公共产品,是指相对于农民"私人产品"而言的具有非竞争性和排他性、用于满足农村公共需要的产品或服务,农村公共产品根据在消费过程中的不同性质,又可区分为纯公共产品和准公共产品。农村公共产品涉及农村公共设施、公共事业、公共福利、公共服务等各个领域,是建设社会主义新农村的关键所在。由于城乡二元结构和农业税取消等原因,致使农村公共产品供给不足,制约了新农村建设目标的实现。因此回顾农村公共产品供给制度的变迁,分析现阶段新农村建设下农村公共产品供给存在的主要问题,从而寻求缓解新农村建设下公共产品供给困境的具体路径具有了一定的现实意义。     

中国农村公共产品供给不足的实证分析

本文在对中国农村公共产品消费情况进行实证分析的基础上,结合农村公共产品的供给现状,剖析了农村公共产品供给不足的深层次原因,提出了从农民的实际需要出发,加大投入力度,构建以农民需求为导向的农村公共产品供给制度,确保农村公共产品的有效供给,促进农民增收及农村的全面发展。     

税费改革与农村公共产品供给问题研究

税费改革和农业税的取消是中国农村社会又一次重大的制度变迁,它必将对我国农村公共产品供给制度带来深刻的变化。从现状看,我国农村公共产品的供给所面临的主要问题是:供给总量不足、结构失衡;供给主体缺位、错位;农民需求得不到有效满足等。在上述分析的基础上,本文提出应建立覆盖城乡的公共财政体制、疏通农民利益诉求渠道、培育农村公共产品供给的多元投资主体等相关的政策建议。     

城乡一体化与城乡公共产品统筹供给

我国城乡公共产品供给制度的演化是文明变迁和制度变迁的产物,从二元供给到统筹供给再到无差别供给制度,其演化是有规律性的。从某种程度上说,城乡一体化过程就是城乡公共产品统筹供给的过程。城乡一体化过程中的城乡公共产品统筹供给之策应包括加强立法建设、彻底打破二元户籍制度壁垒、统筹城乡基础设施建设、统筹城乡民生工程建设等。     

城乡统筹发展中的农村公共产品供给体制改革

农村公共产品供给不足是我国农村发展的薄弱环节,提高农村公共产品的供给水平是建设社会主义新农村的关键.城乡二元发展战略和农村需求表达机制不健全导致农村公共产品供给数量不足、质量不高、结构失衡、效率低下等问题,进而使城乡差距不断拉大.十八大报告强调城乡发展一体化是解决“三农”问题的根本途径,要实现城乡发展一体化,关键在于从根本上改变公共产品非均衡供给的二元供给模式.     

安徽省农村公共产品供给存在问题研究

城乡差距是目前最重要的问题,农村公共产供给是政府在改变城乡二元性问题上的着力点,改变公共产品供给的二元性制度安排是解决“三农”问题的关键所在。文章以安徽省为例,分析了安徽省公共产品供给存在的问题,认为公共产品供给的二元结构根源于体制上的二元安排。     

创新农村公共产品供给制度以促进新农村建设

我国农村公共产品供给制度创新对促进社会主义新农村建设具有重要意义,但当前农村公共产品的供给制度存在诸多的问题,其根源也是多方面的,应通过引入市场机制,改变农村公共产品供给的单一体制,实现农村公共产品的多元化供给等渠道创新农村公共产品供给制度,促进我国社会主义新农村建设。     

我国农村公共产品供给体制创新研究

城乡二元机制、强制性农村公共产品供给决策机制、各级政府财权与事权的不对称等使农村公共产品供给体制存在严重缺陷。因此,要建立科学民主的需求表达机制,构建多层次的公共产品供给结构,建立针对性的转移支付制度,从而构建新型的农村公共产品供给体制,切实推进农村经济发展。     

我国农村公共产品供给失衡的原因和对策——一种从公共选择理论视角的考察

现阶段我国农村公共产品的供给存在着供给不足和供给过剩并存的失衡现象,内在原因就在于作为农村公共产品的供给主体(政府)的组成人员--政府官员也是"经济人",也存在追求自身利益最大化的自利行为.加强对这种自利行为的约束对策是:改革农村公共产品供给决策制度;改革现行干部评议、晋升、薪酬和问责制度;规范公共事业听证制度;在公共部门引入竞争机制.     

我国农村公共产品供给主体研究

农村公共产品长期供给的不足和滞后,已经在一定程度上动摇了农村进一步发展的基础.构建和谐社会,首先要实现社会公平,协调好城乡关系.解决农民减负增收的问题,关键在于实行城乡平等的公共政策、统筹城乡公共资源分配,改善农村公共品的供给,为此需要在界定供给主体的基础上对农村公共品供给制度进行改革创新.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

金融企业员工考核系统的设计

一、概述 为配合公司人事考核制度的贯彻执行,保证该制度执行过程中各项工作能够长期、高效、准确地完成,我们开发了公司员工考核系统,实现了人事考核工作中员工投票、考核统计、考核信息分析、报表生成等功能,减少了人事部门人员的手工操作,提高了考核工作的自动化程度.