MANAGEMENT IN CONTEXT: AN ESSAY ON THE RELEVANCE OF CULTURE TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

The recent interest in cultural analysis of organizations is based on the belief that organizations have symbolic aspects that affect organizational behaviour. Underlying this research, however, are different assumptions about the nature of symbols and the role they play in organizations. The majority of writers have assumed that symbols perform an expressive function and are used in a type of action they call 'symbolic action’which they contrast with ‘substantive action’. This dichotomy between symbolic and substantive action has resulted in the development of models that assume culture is a causal factor in organizational change, and should be controlled by the management of symbols. In this article, this approach - the management as symbolic action approach - is examined and found to be inadequate. An alternative approach is developed - the culture-as-context approach - that assumes all actions have a symbolic aspect, all actions are value-laden, symbols are meaningful only in terms of their relations with other symbols, and symbols are dispositions to action, not causes of it. The study of culture is seen, then, as the explication of action in terms of the system of symbolic forms - goals, plans, ideas, roles and traditions - that people use to give meaning and order to their experience. This approach is applied to the interactions of the members of the‘Transition Team’in a Bell Telephone operating company preparing for the deregulation of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, its parent corporation, in 1981. It is demonstrated empirically and explained conceptually that culture leads to a certain class of possible actions which makes certain attempts at change, or reactions to change, probable in a given situation.     

Doing Least Squares: Perspectives from Gauss and Yule

Gauss introduced a procedure for calculating least squares estimates and their precisions. Yule introduced a new system of notation adapted to correlation analysis. This paper describes these formalisms and compares them with the matrix and vector space formalisms used in modern regression analysis.     

论元器件电气符号与封装有无的组合关系

本文介绍了电气符号与封装有无的四种组合关系以及不同情况下,如何创建电气符号、如何创建封装、如何加载封装、如何创建集成元件库方法,介绍了创建电气符号及封装时的注意事项,使学生真正地理解PCB图形设计的含义,取得了好的教学效果。     

公共信息图形符号国家标准中若干问题的探讨

本文对公共信息图形符号标准化领域内存在争议的一些理论问题进行了探讨,包括图形符号与图形标志的区分、图形标志的分类、图形符号的否定以及图形符号的设计。文中通过对现状的分析指出了当前的理论可能存在的不足,并提出了相应的解决建议。     

Fisher and Inference for Scores

This paper examines the work of Fisher and Bartlett on discriminant analysis, ordinal response regression and correspondence analysis. Placing these methods with canonical correlation analysis in the context of the singular value decomposition of particular matrices, we use explicit models and vector space notation to unify these methods, understand Fisher's approach, understand Bartlett's criticisms of Fisher and relate both to modern thinking. We consider in particular the formulation of certain hypotheses and Fisher's arguments to obtain approximate distributions for tests of these hypotheses (without assuming multivariate normality) and put these in modern notation. Using perturbation techniques pioneered by G.S. Watson, we give an asymptotic justification for Fisher's test for assigned scores and thereby resolve a long standing conflict between Fisher and Bartlett.     

大型会展与城市旅游的国际化

大型会展活动是旅游目的地融入国际化进程的一个媒介.分析了大型会展对举办城市的积极影响,包括带来国际旅游者、增加旅游吸引物、促进人文环境的国际化、促进举办城市的现代化、提高举办地的国际知名度等;指出大型会展具有推动举办城市旅游国际化的效应.在此基础上提出促进大型会展的国际化旅游效应最大化的策略.     

Fifth-order perturbation solution to DSGE models

This paper derives a fifth-order perturbation solution to DSGE models. The paper develops a new notation that reduces the notational complexity of high-order solutions and yields a faster code. The new notation consists of new matrix forms of high-order multivariate chain rules and a new representation of the model as a function of one vector variable. The algorithm that implements the new notation is between 3 and 55 times faster than Dynare++, depending on model size and solution order.     

Registration of longitudinal data by means of musical notation

There is a lack of good registration methods for complex longitudinal data. Cumulating longitudinal data into cross-sections, even repeated ones, in order to allow for statistical analysis means considerable distortion of data; if they interact with each other, this is not possible to observe directly and the time factor is not taken into account to its full value, if at all. In this context, music may be defined as a complicated development in the course of time. Music is usually represented by musical notation which, if not ideal, means that we already possess a high precision registration method for complicated temporal developments. Musical notation used for registration of other longitudinal variables than musical ones allows for a multitude of qualitative variables being taken into account simultaneously and a high precision regarding the time factor. It should be no more difficult to analyse statistically a longitudinal pattern than a surface pattern.     

会展业中顾客抱怨处理的关系契约方法

本文从会展业的特点出发，指出多数顾客对于会展中出现的一些服务问题责任归属不能确认．因而难以认准投诉对象，影响了满意度。通过主办方与会展中心之间的关系契约，相互委托处理这些抱怨投诉，可以很好解决上述问题。     

The effect of environmental dynamism on returns to inventory leanness

This paper adds to the empirical inventory management literature by examining the moderating effects of environmental dynamism on the relationship between inventory leanness and financial performance. While the financial implications of inventory management practices have been extensively studied in the literature, it is clear that lean inventory strategies may not have the same payoff for all firms in all industries. Grounded in inventory theory, this study explores how firm characteristics and environmental dynamism—measured in terms of innovative intensity, demand uncertainty and competitive intensity—moderate the inventory leanness–performance link. We use hierarchical linear modeling to analyze a data set of 5749 firm-year observations from 123 U.S. manufacturing industries. In line with the hypotheses set forth, the results indicate that innovative intensity in an industry increases the effect of inventory leanness on firm performance while competitive intensity has the opposite effect. The hypothesis with respect to the moderating role of demand uncertainty is not supported. Another interesting and important finding is that inventory leanness accounts for nearly one third of the variation in firm performance after controlling for firm size and growth, thus underlining the importance of efficient and effective inventory management for overall firm success.     

An integrative semiotic framework for information systems: The social,personal and material worlds

The paper argues that semiotics, the theory of signs and symbols, is at the heart of the representation and transmission of information and meaning, and is thus central to communication and information systems, but especially in their contemporary, more virtualized forms. The paper is distinctive in eschewing post-structuralist uses of Saussurian semiotics, and recent theorizations of sociomateriality, instead developing an integrative framework grounded in Habermasian concepts, Peirceian semiotics and an underlying, integrating critical realist philosophy. We develop a semiotic framework to help analyze the complex interactions between three different worlds – the personal, the social and the material. Here semiosis relates to the personal world through the generation and interpretation of signs and messages. It relates to the material world in that all signs must have some form of physical embodiment in order to be signs, and must also be transmitted through some form of physical media. Semiosis relates to the social world in that the connotive aspects of sign systems are social rather than individual – they exist before and beyond the individual's use of signs. The personal, social and material worlds between them bear relationships of sociation, sociomateriality and embodiment. The framework draws on fundamental concepts of information, meaning and embodied cognition. The paper examines critically the implications of this formulation for studying information systems. It discusses commonalities with and departures from other studies, illustrates points with empirical examples, and details how the integrative framework can be utilized.     

我国会展物流研究综述与展望

立足相关文献资料,对会展物流概念在国内研究发展进行了梳理,对我国会展物流十几年来研究内容和研究方法综述;另外对会展物流的研究对象归类;总结及评述的同时提出了需要进一步研究的问题,以期推动我国会展物流研究领域的研究走向深入和系统。     

新会计准则中的公允价值及其面临的问题

2006年2月财政部新颁布的企业会计准则中,一个重大变化是按照现行国际惯例引入了公允价值,改变了历史成本计量属性在我国会计准则中一统天下的局面。本文对公允价值的概念以及引入公允价值在我国可能出现的问题和建议进行简单的分析。     

Nonprofit marketing: the key to marketing's ‘mid‐life crisis’?

This paper examines the use of marketing exchange theory in the nonprofit sector and argues that current mainstream marketing theory is ill equipped for such use. It is argued that this is due to its continued reliance on neoclassically derived assumptions of human behaviour, resulting ina dominant instrumentalist exchange paradigm. As the basis of this is individual rather than socially determined utility maximisation, achieved exclusively through the medium of exchange, it can be seen as inappropriate for application to this sector. Finally, the paper proposes that emergent, alternative nonexchange behaviours such as one‐way transfer and expressive behaviour, sit more naturally within a post‐Keynesian paradigm. It is suggested that this could be adopted by nonprofit marketing. In this sense nonprofit marketing could start to drive theory development in mainstream marketing rather than, as is too often the case, the other way round. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

我国预算管理理论和实践综述

预算管理作为一种管理控制工具,在西方已经经历了四个发展阶段,其间传入我国。经过20多年的发展,预算管理已成为我国企业普遍应用的管理手段。从评述西方预算管理理论开始,重点探讨了预算管理理论在我国的应用。预算管理的实践和发展在我国可以分为四个方面:预算管理基础理论的建立,将预算管理理论和实务的紧密联系,与管理会计工具的整合,以及以创造价值为目标的预算管理。本文可为我国企业更好地运用全面预算管理这一管理会计工具提供借鉴。     

DESIGNING SIMULATORS FOR STRATEGIC MANAGERS

The activity of strategic management is important because it is the activity through which the structure of an organization is developed and adapted in relation to its environment. The activities within an organization are systematized within structures because they enable the organization to ensure the effectiveness of those activities, and there already exist teaching methods appropriate for training managers in the operation of such structures. Few teaching methods exist however for teaching managers about structure itself. This paper initially discusses what structure is, and then goes on to describe an approach to the support of managers' learning about structure: how structure can be related to the activities of managers, and how managers can explore the implications of adopting alternative structures within their organization. The paper puts forward symbols for describing structure. It is then shown how the symbols can be combined by a manager to describe a particular organizational context in the form of a simulator, and how the resulting design can be transformed into the form of a computer program. This enables the resulting simulator to be used by the manager to explore the implications of adopting particular structural choices as he has defined them within the organization. Finally, the nature of the teacher's role is considered when supporting the learning of managers using this approach.     

Economic uncertainty and national bitcoin trading activity

This study analyzes the dynamics between bitcoin trading, price activities, and economic surprise shocks from a broad and novel perspective on a national level. We start by estimating the response of bitcoin trading in terms of volume and volatility to economic surprises. Following this, we extend our framework by applying a Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model to get an indication of the volatility reaction of national bitcoin activities to economic surprise shocks. Our results show that local and global shocks affect local bitcoin activities and trading volatilities, confirming that economic events affect bitcoin markets. We argue that increased trading activity, coupled with a price reaction, indicates that bitcoin might be considered a hedge or safe haven asset against economic uncertainty. We find evidence that bitcoin is treated as a speculative asset against negative economic policy uncertainty shocks in Canada pre-Covid-19. These results change during the Covid-19 pandemic, leading to a significant structural break. Here, we find indications that bitcoin might be treated as a safe-haven asset in New Zealand and Australia. This shows that bitcoin behaves differently depending on the studied country, underlining the importance of country-level studies. It also shows that bitcoin is a new asset that is evolving rapidly and that the period in which it is studied is important.     

Registration of longitudinal data by means of musical notation: some applications

Graphic representation of complicated courses is often necessary to detect patterns that may be worth analysing. Examples are given to show how musical notation or modifications of musical notation may be used to register courses (or cross-sectional data) with more variables than usual. One can register courses with known duration of components (and then also simultaneities); the time scale may be defined according to data. One can also register sequences without known duration of components. Finally the method can be modified so as to suit cross-sectional data. The method can be used to register a single case but also a group of cases that are thus rendered comparable. It is a method of registration, not of analysis but one that may help prepare a refined analysis.     

Training and Performance of a Diverse Workforce

The moderating role of work contracts on the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and the self‐reported performance of 1,311 permanent and 924 temporary employees across three sectors was studied using a multilevel design in 103 organizations in three European countries. The HR practice examined was training and its allocation to the different workforce groups. The relationship between training for permanent employees and performance was moderated by work contract as well as country. In the Spanish sample, the performance of temporary employees was more negatively related to training for permanent employees as compared to the Dutch and the Swedish sample. Unexpectedly, in the Dutch sample, training provision was negatively related to the workforce group it was provided for. It is the temporary employees that seemed to be the cause of the interactions, underlining the call for special treatment of this workforce. Results indicate a considerable role of the interplay of job dependence and labor market conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A simplified approach to M-estimation with application to two-stage estimators

This paper presents a simple version of the theory of M-estimation. It is argued that the theory is immediately applicable to almost all estimation schemes employed by econometricians. It is further argued that the great overlooked benefit of the theory is that is provides almost automatic asymptotic results, e.g., probability limits and asymptotic covariances. Thus one need not be a theoretical econometrician to invent and use specially tailored estimators. To illustrate its use the theory is applied to a variety of theoretical and applied problems. Particular attention is paid to two-stage estimators.