Autoverkopen en autopark in Nederland, 1950–1970

Summary This is a study of the demand for the ownership of new or firsthand cars, i.e. the demand of ‘first owners’ who habitually buy new cars which are then traded in long before they are obsolescent. Upon combining the evidence of various surveys with time-series for 1950-64 it is found that this ownership has an income elasticity of 2 and a price elasticity of – 1.25 in respect of the constant-quality index of new car prices earlier provided. On the average new cars are traded in after three years so that roughly one third of the existing stock is replaced every year. These values together determine an equation for purchases of new cars which accurately predicts new registrations in 1965 and 1966. Projections for the years 1967-70 are provided. In the model employed the total number of cars (including used cars) is determined by the active demand exerted by ‘first owners’ on one hand and by the hitherto fairly constant scrappage rates on the other. Projections of the overall ownership rate can therefore be derived from the forecasts of new registrations. The ownership rate will approach 80% around 1970, and it is likely that at that stage the current scrappage rates will cease to apply in view of the greater predilection for comparatively younger cars.     

Autoverkopen en autopark in Nederland, 1950–1970

Summary  This is a study of the demand for the ownership of new or firsthand cars, i.e. the demand of 'first owners' who habitually buy new cars which are then traded in long before they are obsolescent. Upon combining the evidence of various surveys with time-series for 1950-64 it is found that this ownership has an income elasticity of 2 and a price elasticity of – 1.25 in respect of the constant-quality index of new car prices earlier provided. On the average new cars are traded in after three years so that roughly one third of the existing stock is replaced every year. These values together determine an equation for purchases of new cars which accurately predicts new registrations in 1965 and 1966. Projections for the years 1967-70 are provided.
In the model employed the total number of cars (including used cars) is determined by the active demand exerted by 'first owners' on one hand and by the hitherto fairly constant scrappage rates on the other. Projections of the overall ownership rate can therefore be derived from the forecasts of new registrations. The ownership rate will approach 80% around 1970, and it is likely that at that stage the current scrappage rates will cease to apply in view of the greater predilection for comparatively younger cars.     

Een prijsindex van nieuwe personenauto's, 1950–1965*

Summary In constructing a price index of new motorcars the main problem is how to deal with the introduction of new models and with quality variation generally. The first difficulty is turned by compiling year-to-year indices based on models that each account for 2 per cent or more of total sales in either year. The shifting basis of these indices comprises from 7 to 15 models which together account for 45 to 70 per cent of total registrations. All models are subject to minor improvements; this quality variation is taken into account by representing increases in horse power and overall length by equivalent price reductions. The elasticity coefficients involved in this translation are derived from a cross section analysis of prices and technical characteristics of some fifty widely ranging models in 1964. A price index for the period from 1950 to 1965 is then obtained by linking successive year-to-year indices. Over the whole period list prices have risen by a third, to a large extent as the result of changes in purchase tax; this price rise is just about offset by imporvements in quality of some 2 per cent per annum.     

“飞思卡尔”杯大学生智能汽车创意赛车模的制作

本文基于"飞思卡尔"大学生智能汽车创意赛,设计制作一种基于CCD摄像头的智能车,并在复杂道路条件下的行驶。智能车系统以Freescale16位单片机MC9S12XS128作为系统控制处理器,采用基于摄像头的图像采样模块获取赛道图像信息,通过PID控制策略控制车模的方向和速度,利用超声波传感器测距对车距进行控制,最终实现车模的寻道行驶、在十字路口的左右转、两车跟踪行驶等基本功能。     

Selling Mobility instead of Cars: New Business Strategies of Automakers and the Impact on Private Vehicle Holding

This article considers the business strategy of an automaker entering the car‐sharing market. Given the high growth of the car‐sharing industry, this could become a new business segment and simultaneously have effects on branding. The considered case is a car‐sharing system called car2go, which was launched by Daimler in 2009. An empirical analysis based on primary data (N = 1881) indicates that private vehicles are reduced as a consumer reaction. This constitutes a potential for environmental gains, as shared and consecutively used cars require less of production resources compared to a higher number of private cars being bought, driven and parked individually. Implications for public policy are that the allocation of public space to car‐sharing systems could result in a net gain of space in cities. Policy makers should also consider the dependency of car‐sharing schemes on municipal support regarding parking spaces and they should anticipate the upcoming electrification. This is the first study on a large‐scale car‐sharing system operated by an automaker using retrospective primary data. It contributes to the assessment of the current trend of car manufacturers launching car‐sharing schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

The experience of EMAS in three European countries: a cultural and competitive analysis

EMAS, the European Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme, has been open for participation for six years now. Looking at registrations per country, a concentration of registrations in northern European countries is evident. The first part of this article investigates potential reasons by applying two popular models. Geert Hofstede's four cultural dimensions are used to explain favourable or unfavourable conditions for EMAS in a country. Michael E. Porter's national diamond is used to investigate determinants for national competitiveness and their influence on environmental management. These two frameworks are applied to Germany as a benchmark and France and Spain as representatives of southern European countries. In the second part of the article conclusions are drawn from this investigation on the influence of national culture, conditions and incentives for EMAS in these countries. Lastly actions for increased participation in EMAS of southern European countries are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment     

我国废旧汽车回收模式选择探析

废旧汽车回收模式影响回收效率。文章归纳总结了废旧汽车回收模式类型,分析了各种回收模式的利与弊,从经济、管理、技术方面阐述了影响回收模式选择的因素,并建立了回收模式评价指标体系,对我国建立有效、快捷的废旧汽车回收模式具有指导意义。     

试论汽车轮胎保养

进入21世纪以来,我国经济稳步发展,人民生活水平不断提高,越来越多的人拥有了自己的私家车。但随着各种车辆体系的不断完善,用车成本也不断攀升,很多人在轮胎使用费上支出较大。本文就轮胎的使用和常用的保养进行论述,以期对其有所帮助。     

Is econometrics useful for private policy making? A case study of replacement policy at an auto rental company

The goal of this paper is to illustrate the potential usefulness of econometrics as a tool to assist private policy makers. We provide a case study and detailed econometric analysis of the automobile replacement policy adopted by a large car rental company. Unlike public policy making–where the benefits from using econometric models and “science-based” approaches to policy making are hard to quantify because the outcomes of interest are typically subjective quantities such as “social welfare”–in the case of firms there is an objective, easily quantifiable criterion for judging whether policy A is better than policy B: profits. We introduce and estimate an econometric model of the rental histories of individual cars in the company’s fleet. Via stochastic simulations, we show that the model provides a good approximation to the company’s actual operations. In particular, the econometric model is able to reproduce the extraordinarily high rates of return that the company obtains on its rental cars, with average internal rates of return between purchase and sale of approximately 50%. However, the econometric model can simulate outcomes under a range of counterfactual vehicle replacement policies. We use the econometric model to simulate the profitability of an alternative replacement policy under pessimistic assumptions about the rate maintenance costs would increase and rental rates would have to be decreased if the company were to keep its rental cars longer than it does under the status quo. Depending on the vehicle type, we find that the company’s expected discounted profits would be between 6% to over 140% higher under the suggested alternative operating strategy where vehicles are kept longer and rental rates of older vehicles are discounted to induce customers to rent them. The company found this analysis to be sufficiently convincing that it undertook an experiment to verify the predictions of the econometric model.     

浅析轨道车辆出口运输问题

伴随着我国轨道交通车辆的出口,出口运输的问题日益突显出来,出口运输直接关系到出口车辆的安全。文中从轨道交通车辆出口运输中的实践中,总结轨道车辆的运输特点和存在的主要问题,并给出相关的三大建议,以最大限度的保证运输安全。     

汽车检测技术的发展与故障检修

汽车检测技术飞速发展,人们利用各种先进仪器对汽车进行检测。文章对几类车型出现的故障进行分析检修。     

Customer motivations for sustainable consumption: Investigating the drivers of purchase behavior for a green‐luxury car

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of status motivation on customers' purchase intention of a green‐luxury car associated with owning a green‐luxury car, and whether materialism and horizontal–vertical individualism/collectivism moderate this relationship. The quantitative research methodology using online survey technique was used to collect cross‐cultural data from respondents (507) from China and Germany. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify and collect data from current and prospective customers of the BMW brand. Collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results demonstrated that materialism and cultural value (horizontal–vertical collectivism and vertical individualism) can serve as moderators of the effects of status motivation and purchase intention of the green‐luxury car. Although some studies have explored the factors involved in customer purchasing behaviour for green‐luxury products, our results theoretically and empirically show that materialism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism enhance the positive effects of status motivation on customer purchasing behaviour for a green‐luxury car.     

关于汽车销售4S店财务核算与管理分析

伴随当前汽车市场的不断成熟,客户在对汽车的消费过程中产生越来越高的要求,同时也越来越严格。在经济飞速发展的今天,汽车已经成为人们生活中的必需品,同时汽车在品牌方面的归口管理需求也迫切需要汽车4S店的产生。因此,汽车4S店是一种必然的发展趋势。本文将重点对汽车销售4S店的财务核算和管理进行分析,从而为汽车4S店的高效运营提供决策参考。     

基于Logistic回归的剩男剩女牵手成功要素分析

收集整理目前热播的电视相亲节目《非诚勿扰》的200位剩男的相关数据,采用logistic回归方法对其建模,分析剩男剩女牵手成功,与年龄,出场顺序,仪表长相,工作,经济基础,车,房,婚史等因素的关系。结果表明仪表长相对单身青年牵手成功的影响最大,其次是有车、有房。     

Europe

After two quarters of moderate GDP growth of 0.3% in the second half of last year, it appears that the Eurozone recovery regained a bit of steam in early‐2016. Admittedly, this is not reflected in the performance of the business surveys; in Q1 the average reading for the composite PMI was the lowest in a year. But the PMI has not been a very reliable indicator of GDP growth recently. Hard data for two months of Q1 are available for most of the key indicators and these paint a much more positive picture. Industrial production is on track to rise by about 1% over the quarter, its fastest pace since early 2011. Meanwhile, retail sales and car registrations are both on track to grow rather more strongly in Q1 than Q4.     

汽车维修市场存在的问题及解决对策

随着汽车保有量的增加,汽车维修业不断发展壮大,汽车逐渐成为人们生活中必不可少的交通工具。随之而来的,维修业存在许多不尽人意的地方,很难满足社会发展的需要。为此我们要通过完善的维修技术提高汽车的使用性能。     

汽车运输中的超载问题及相关对策

随着我国公路建设不断发展,汽车作为实惠而又便捷的运输工具,被越来越多的用于运输货物。由于道路乱收费不合理导致的运输成本增大以及对超载危害性认识不够等因素,造成目前汽车运输中因为超载而引发的道路安全事故越来越频繁地见诸报端,并成为近年来汽车运输过程中交通事故频发的重要诱因。必须重新认识汽车运输途中的超载问题,并采取针对性相关对策。     

丰田汽车成本企划实施案例分析

成本企划最早萌芽于20世纪60年代初期,源自日本丰田汽车公司的新车开发和车型更新中。它使丰田以价低质高的绝对优势击败了全球诸多竞争对手,成为过去10多年里全球盈利能力最强的汽车公司。20世纪80年代以来,成本企划在日本企业得到广泛应用,成为日本型成本管理模式的核心和精华。文章在描述丰田汽车成本企划架构的基础上,对其进行总结,以期得出有助于我国企业成本管理的几点启示。     

Beautifying the Slum: Cable Car Fetishism in Cazucá, Colombia

The installation of cable cars as part of slum beautification projects has begun to circulate among politicians, planners and residents as a magical solution that offers social and economic integration to historically marginalized urban areas. This paper analyzes the way in which a cable car project became a fetish for the inhabitants, politicians and planners of Cazucá, a very deprived, abandoned and stigmatized area on the outskirts of Bogotá, Colombia. The highly positive value given to the cable car project must be understood within the specific local context without judging its ‘false promises’ a priori. The promise of the cable car in Cazucá reveals at least two crucial political reasons for the current potency of such projects: a complex history of political failures and the political value cable cars have acquired nationally and internationally. We analyze how, for both residents and politicians, the mere possibility of a cable car awakened long neglected desires for visibility and created new ones, such as those related to tourism. They see the cable car as an ‘engine for social change’, a way to ensure the commitment of national and international funds, and a venue to brand the city on a global scale.     

报废汽车逆向回收物流体系研究

汽车产业迅猛发展的同时,也带来了严重的汽车报废问题,中国正从"世界最大停车场"变成"世界最大汽车垃圾场"。本文就建立报废汽车逆向回收物流体系进行了简要探讨。