自动出口限制:基于营销战略的分析

<正> 一、引言 自动出口限制(Voluntary Export Re-straints,以下简称VER),指的是出口国家或地区在进口国的要求或压力下,“自动”规定在某一时期内就某些商品对该国的出口实行限制。就其性质而言,VER是一种限制进口的新贸易保护主义措施,具有以下特点: 1.非透明性。VER是政府之间私下进     

自愿出口限制的福利效应分析及政策启示

近年来,自愿出口限制(VER)被频繁地使用,以解决国际贸易摩擦.本文从两国简单模型和扩展模型出发,分析了VER对进口国、出口国以及第三国的福利影响.最后得出结论:VER导致设限进口国福利的必然下降和受限出口国福利的可能提高,第三国会从中获益,本文在此基础上提出了政策建议.     

印度对华反倾销的贸易效应

当前,印度对我国频繁的发起反倾销调查,为了证实印度对华反倾销贸易效应是否存在。本文对贸易限制效应、贸易转移效应进行了分析。运用的分析方法分别是描述性分析方法和实证性分析方法。根据数据显示,印度对我国的贸易限制效应和贸易转移效应并不显著。为了进一步证明结论的正确与否,本文又运用了实证模型进行了分析,分析结果证明上述结论是正确的。     

我国全流通企业融资偏好实证分析

我国上市公司存在较为强烈的股权融资偏好,对此,理论界一般将其根本动因归结为我国复杂的股权结构,尤其是大量限制流通股的存在。本文通过对我国长期全流通和只存在少量限制流通股的上市公司的融资偏好进行实证分析发现在没有大量限制流通股的情况下我国上市公司依然有着强烈的股权融资偏好。     

外汇储备增长对通货膨胀影响的实证分析

近年来,由于中国的外汇储备的增长,外汇占款增多,使得货币供应量激增。本文选取1994年-2008年的季度数据,采取协整方法、格兰杰因果检验以及VER模型进行实证分析,结果显示外汇储备的增长会带来通货膨胀的压力。     

一种GPRS系统中新型APN访问限制的方法

现有的两种APN漫游访问限制方式即通过HLR限制用户签约APN方式和通过DNS限制SGSN查询方式,存在访问限制拦截不彻底、专网APN用户仍能够漫游等情况.本文基于运营商的网络层次设计了一种通过对APN使用区域限制和使用用户限制的新型APN漫游限制方法,破解了APN访问限制存在的问题,增强了APN网络的安全性.     

国际贸易出口限制的分析研究

目前许多发展中国家在国际贸易中纷纷采取限制出口的措施。被限制出口的产品主要是资源性产品,由于金属类矿物产品的重要地位,限制金属类矿物产品出口受到广泛关注。各国使用出口限制有自己的理由,出口限制对经济和贸易有一定的影响,于是在多边贸易体制中存在着对出口限制的制约,这也成为解决因出口限制引发贸易摩擦的依据,我国如何利用好国际贸易规则已成为一个急迫解决的问题。     

论我国行业协会限制竞争行为的反垄断法规制

行业协会具有维护竞争的功能,有其存在的合理性,同时也存在限制竞争的可能性,因此,有必要对行业协会的限制竞争行为进行反垄断法规制.行业协会限制竞争行为主要表现为对非会员正当竞争的限制、对会员竞争的限制以及协会之间的反竞争.然而我国反垄断法中关于行业协会的规定在范围界定、参与程度的判定标准、责任分担、处罚力度、处罚认定标准和豁免等方面存在诸多缺陷,需要加以完善.     

农民工社会保障现状、成因及对策研究

本文通过对农民工的基本情况、农民工社会保障现状和存在问题的研究,找出户籍制度的限制、社会保障立法缺失、利益攸关各方的思想观念和意识存在误区以及农民工自身文化水平的限制是导致农民工社会保障权益缺失的主要原因,并针对各个成因提出了相应的对策建议。     

滥用知识产权在中国《反垄断法》中的含义——对欧盟在TRIPS理事会提出的质疑的回答

我国《反垄断法》规定滥用知识产权并且排除、限制竞争的行为,才能适用该法,即滥用知识产权是违反《反垄断法》的一个前提要件。这意味着依《反垄断法》来规制滥用知识产权行为之前必须认定存在滥用知识产权的行为。但是,各国《反垄断法》或者竞争法适用于滥用知识产权行为的前提要件仅仅是知识产权的"行使"构成了对市场竞争的排除或限制,而并不需要认定事先存在某个滥用知识产权的行为。所谓的滥用知识产权行为就是行使知识产权而排除、限制竞争的行为。正因为行使知识产权的行为排除、限制了竞争才构成知识产权的滥用并违反了《反垄断法》。滥用知识产权是违反《反垄断法》的结果,而不是违反《反垄断法》的前提。     

The Welfare Loss of the Voluntary Export Restraint For Japanese Automobiles

The welfare loss from the voluntary export restraint (VER) on Japanese automobiles was estimated for the first year of the VER (April 1, 1981 to March 31, 1982). The impact of quantity reductions on the price of Japanese and domestic automobiles was used to estimate the welfare loss. Losses were estimated separately for the domestic small car market and the Japanese market in view of the existence of product differentiation. Welfare losses ranged from $446 million to $1,386 million depending on the price elasticity of demand assumed for Japanese automobiles. The welfare loss for domestic automobiles accounted for only a small proportion of this loss. The VER had a minor impact on the domestic automobile industry where sales remained low due to general economic conditions and limited substitutability between domestic and Japanese cars. However, the limited assistance provided by the VER to the domestic automobile industry entailed considerable costs as demonstrated by the magnitude of the welfare loss. A considerable part of this loss could have been avoided if other forms of trade protection such as tariffs had been used instead of the VER.     

Shorter Papers Automobile Quotas Revisited: The Costs of Continued Protection

This paper examines the loss to the U. S. economy and consumers from the third year of the Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) for Japanese automobiles. Losses due to product differentiation were estimated separately for the domestic car market and Japanese car market. Consideration was given to profit taking as well as product upgrading. The welfare loss ranged from $1.8 billion to $2.8 billion which is higher than loss estimates reported for the first year of the VER. The higher welfare loss reflects the impact of improved economic conditions which resulted in higher prices for manufacturers and dealers and the emergence of product upgrading due to quantity restraints. The total loss to consumers ranged from $2.6 billion to $5.3 billion with more than 80 percent of the loss representing transfers from consumers to producers (domestic and foreign). The high cost of the VER has not been offset by employment gains since Detroit responded to the VER by making fewer cars and increasing its reliance on off - shore production.     

Anticipatory effects of voluntary export restraints: a study of home video cassette recorders market, 1978-86

This paper investigates the impact of voluntary export restraints (VERs) at the pre-implementation stage when exporters have a good prospect for the VERs. Distinctive features of the VCR market in 1978-86 provide a testable hypothesis to analyze the effect of the EC-Japan VERs, which were implemented in the fiscal years of 1983-85. The paper finds consistent evidence that the VERs affected firms’ pricing behavior in the U.S. market prior to the VER period, as a result of Japanese exporters’ anticipation of the VERs.     

Keiretsu and relationship-specific investment: implications for market-opening trade policy

This paper considers the implications of relationship-specific investment within keiretsu for policies aimed at opening the Japanese market for intermediate goods, such as auto-parts. Both VIEs applied to parts and VERs restricting Japanese exports of autos cause the keiretsu to import a wider range of parts, but of a relatively unimportant type, such as seat covers. Since keiretsu investment and output fall, the total value of US parts exports may actually fall. For a given value of these exports, a VIE is less costly for US consumers and Japanese producers, but a VER is preferred by US automakers.     

ENDOGENOUS QUALITY CHOICE AND THE IMPACT OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS

In this article a model of vertical product differentiation with two firms (a home firm and a foreign firm) engaged in endogenous quality competition. The firms engage in a two-stage game, where in the first stage they choose qualities in a sequential manner. In the second stage, the firms compete in quantities (a la Cournot) moving sequentially again. In the second part of this article, the impact of quantitative restrictions (ike a VER or quota) on the quality choices and other related variables like prices, firm profitability, consumer surplus, etc.     

Cultural bridging and the performance of international joint ventures

The existing predictions and findings regarding the effect of cultural distance on the performance of international joint ventures (IJVs) remain inconsistent. We suggest that this inconsistency is due to the lack of conceptually differentiating the cultural distance between the firm’s home country and its partner(s)’country (home-partner country cultural distance) from the cultural distance between the firm’s home country and the location of the IJV (home-host cultural distance). We contribute to our understanding of IJVs by explicitly differentiating these two types of cultural distance, and by introducing the concept of cultural bridging. Cultural bridging relates to the proportion of home-host cultural distance that is compensated by having a joint venture partner, whose home country culture is more similar to the host country culture than the MNE’s home country culture is to the host country culture. We theorize how cultural bridging affects IJV performance and how it interacts with home-partner country cultural distance and home-host cultural distance to influence IJV performance. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 1708 IJVs. We find that cultural bridging has a positive influence on IJV performance, strengthens the positive performance effect of home-host cultural distance, and reduces the negative performance effect of home-partner country cultural distance. Our findings help make sense of some of the inconsistent findings regarding the role that cultural distance plays for IJV performance.     

“逆全球化”探源:基于双边投资协定深度决定因素的研究

近年来全球化进程受阻,“逆全球化”根源有待进一步探讨。本文首次利用贸发会议“IIA绘图”数据,构建涵盖101项关键条款的双边投资协定(BITs)深度评价体系,测算了全球2539份BITs深度数据。通过理论和实证研究发现,东道国区位优势和母国所有权优势是决定BITs深度的重要因素。具体来看,东道国劳动力和自然资源禀赋的区位优势对BITs深度具有显著抑制作用,母国资本、技术和制度质量的所有权优势对BITs深度具有显著促进作用,同时母国资本和技术水平对BITs深度的影响存在异质性。进一步研究表明,2008年金融危机后,东道国劳动力资源对BITs深度的抑制作用增强,母国资本和技术水平的促进作用减弱,导致世界经济呈现“逆全球化”趋势,提高母国制度质量是实现经济全球化发展的有效途径。     

Selecting the country in which to start internationalization: The non-sequential internationalization model

The paper analyses the selection of the country in which a firm starts internationalization. It proposes that some firms strategically choose a non-sequential internationalization, that is, they select a country that is dissimilar to their country of origin for their first foreign expansion. The reason for this is that some firms develop, in their home country, three types of knowledge that are useful to overcome foreign expansion difficulties: knowledge to manage complexity, developed by having multiple operations at home; knowledge to manage differences in competitive conditions, developed by operating in business-to-business industries, and knowledge to manage differences in institutional environments, developed by allying to a foreign firm at home.     

Is the country manager an endangered species?

The role of the country manager in the multinational corporation has changed substantially in recent years in both North America and Europe. Where the country manager previously held full responsibility for the national operations, frequently the role is now reduced to that of spokesperson and figurehead. This article describes four generic country management functions that were identified in a recent study of 15 multinationals, and describes the structural and environmental contingencies associated with each. The future role of the country manager is also assessed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

严格设计税收优惠 确保碳税实施效果

我国开征碳税要避免重蹈发达国家碳税优惠政策过滥,影响其实际减排效果的覆辙。对排碳大户不但不能豁免碳税,而且要重点关注碳税促进其实际节能减排的效果。同时,为促进企业生产方式的转变和平衡排碳大户税收负担,对排碳大户自愿签订减排协议以及其他实际减排的行为,可通过财政补贴方式在一定时期内给予专项补助。只有重点治理好排碳大户的排碳行为,并对碳税实现＂收支两条线＂管理,才能保证碳税的实施效果和规范税制。