美国《社区再投资法案》对增强我国信贷政策有效性的启示

美国《社区再投资法案》自1977年颁布以来,在消除信贷歧视、满足中低收入社区和中低收入居民信贷需求、解决金融机构"第一行动人"问题等方面发挥了积极的作用。我国信贷政策在支持民营经济、中小企业、困难家庭、下岗失业人员等薄弱经济环节方面不断加强"窗口指导",但实际效果仍不明显。通过比较美国《社区再投资法案》,我国要提高信贷政策有效性,需要从建立健全金融机构执行信贷政策的检查评估机制和激励约束机制着眼。     

在《社区再投资法》中明确考虑种族问题

一、《社区再投资法》应该包含缺少服务的族群 30年前,为了纠正市场失效,我们设计了《社区再投资法》。对《社区再投资法》的修改必须通过21世纪的解决方案来解决20世纪市场以及政府的失败。金融机构和监管者反思《社区再投资法》的初衷,即监管者应该评价金融机构在安全、健全运行的基础上,满足其整个社区信贷需求的记录,其中包括中低收入社区。     

金融环境不断变化中的《社区再投资法》（上）

一、1977至2007年的金融环境1997年《社区再投资法》通过后,金融环境发生了显著的变化。本文回顾了这些变化对《社区再投资法》的适用范围、受《社区再投资法》监管当局的组织结构以及他们在实现《社区再投资法》目标时有效性方面的影响。按照设计和必要性要求,我们使用了宽泛的做法。我们希望这样做能为本书中其他集中研究《社区再投资法》实施细则变化的文章提供一个有用的上下文背景,以及《社区再投资法》更具体的方面,     

美国《社区再投资法》与我国农村金融发展

《社区再投资法》致力于消除银行金融机构歧视性信贷行为,虽然引发了一些争议,但是大量的研究表明,其在不降低银行运行效率的同时促进了银行对中低收入阶层的贷款。回顾其实施历程以及运行效果,结合当前我国农村金融改革发展的现状,可以为制定我国农村金融发展的政策提供思路,从而改变当前农村金融供给不足的现状。     

《社区再投资法》：过去的成功及未来的机遇（中）

三、《社区再投资法》的立法修正案 自1977年《社区再投资法》得到通过以来,国会已经对其进行了若干次的修订。第一次的修订是作为《金融机构改革、复兴与实施法》（FIRREA）的一部分,要求监管当局将《社区再投资法》评价及评级信息向外界公开。     

《社区再投资法案》的起源、演化和挑战(上)

今年是《社区再投资法案》(Community Reinvestment Act,简称CRA)30周年纪念。该法案创于1977年,确立了联邦政府一级加入存款保险的存款机构的义务,即要稳健地满足特许社区的信贷需求。同时,该法案也明确要求联邦银行监管机构,包括联邦储备银行,具体监管检查银行是否行使CRA职责。     

一个银行家对《社区再投资法》的看法（上）

1977年通过的《社区再投资法》已经有了三十年的历史。在这三十年中,它经历了一系列事件,包括银行业重组、监管条例的逐步改变,并发展为社区开发中的最优做法。虽然《社区再投资法》取得了许多成功,但如果要使其在促进中低收入（LMI））社区开发中继续发挥重要作用,需要进行一次大的修订。     

《社区再投资法》：过去的成功及未来的机遇（下）

一、《社区再投资法》与次贷危机针对《社区再投资法》的最新指控便是将其列为次贷危机的罪魁祸首。在最近的几个月里，一些评论家，例如经济学家LarryKudlow，华尔街日报的编委会成员StephenMoore都认为这次危机的爆发是推行《社区再投资法》的一个必然结果。     

金融环境不断变化中的《社区再投资法》（下）

五、《社区再投资法》在业绩衡量上的变化 可以通过很多方面对《社区再投资法》的执行情况进行考核。所有由《社区再投资法》监管的机构可以根据其贷款业务进行考核。＂贷款测试＂包括对许多不同类型贷款的评价,其中有房屋抵押贷款、小型企业和小额农业贷款。较大型的机构还要接受服务和投资活动的评级。     

美国社区再投资法对我国高校学生贷款的启示

为了鼓励金融机构满足社区弱势群体的信贷资金需求,利用金融资源服务于区域经济与社会发展,美国制定并实施了社区再投资法,此举明显改善弱势群体融资困难的状况.目前,我国高校学生贷款的可持续发展面临着不同程度的"信贷歧视",美国社区再投资法对于解决此问题提供了很好的启示作用.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.