实物期权理论在新产品开发项目价值评估中的应用

新产品开发竞争已成为企业竞争优势的重要来源。在不确定性环境下,传统的净现值(NPV)法由于忽略决策的灵活性而低估了新产品开发项目的价值。针对这种不足,文章将实物期权思想嵌入到新产品开发项目价值评估中,根据实物期权理论和期权定价方法,建立了新产品开发项目价值评估模型,并给出了应用实例。     

选择权的价值--复杂定价模型优于简单方法吗?

将金融市场中期权的理念引入投资项目决策，产生了期权决策法及实物期权的概念。然而期权决策法在应用中也存在一些问题，其中的关键在于实物期权的定价。本探讨了B—S模型用于实物期权定价中的问题以及建立实物期权定价模型的难题，认为应当化繁为简。在决策中贯彻期权理念。而不一定非要用严密的数学模型来为实物期权定价。     

基于实物期权的专利权评估方法初探

本文从专利权评估的角度分析评估中的常用方法,包括三种传统方法和实物期权法.B-S期权定价模型和二项式期权定价模型是目前最常用的实物期权价值评估方法.由于专利权的实物期权特性,本文认为运用实物期权方法更为准确合理.最后对各种评估方法进行了比较分析,提出了期权定价理论存在的一些问题,这将有利于实物期权法在价值评估和项目决策中的进一步运用.     

基于实物期权的创业投资资本资产定价模型

创业投资的特质与实物期权方法有实质的契合性,表现在创业投资的风险水平同实物期权的波动率之间。创业投资的分期投资与实物期权的期权价值之间有着密切的关联性。这种内在契合性是运用实物期权方法研究创业投资定价研究的基础。基于Black-Scholes偏微分方程的实物期权模型构造的多期创业投资的实物期权定价模型,更具现实解释力。     

基于复合期权的创业板上市公司IPO定价研究

指出传统IPO定价方法用于具有高风险、高成长性等特征的高新技术企业IPO定价的缺陷,将实物期权概念引入IPO定价研究中。根据高新技术企业项目投资的特征,引入复合期权建立相应的数学模型,采用复合期权方法建立高新技术企业的IPO定价模型。最后,通过算例分析说明该模型在实践运用中具有一定的借鉴意义。     

实物期权应用于不动产商务租赁定价的研究

不动产商务租赁是一种常见而又富有特色的财产租赁类型.当金融期权的应用扩展到实物领域,并形成了颇具特色的实物期权后,作为一种全新的决策思维和决策技术,实物期权也开始在不动产商务租赁定价中得到应用.文章以不动产商务租赁作为期权的基础资产,揭示期权思维在商务楼租赁定价中的应用特点,分析商务楼租赁定价的实物期权模型,最后以简例说明在商务楼租赁中实物期权定价方法的应用及其意义.     

实物期权定价理论研究综述

实物期权与金融期权相比,应用范围更广,而且实物期权比金融期权也更加复杂,因此实物期权方法已经逐渐成为在不确定决策领域中最热门的研究课题之一。文章对国内外学者关于实物期权理论的研究文献进行了综述,指出了实物期权应用的主要研究领域。在实物期权的实证研究方面,国外学者做出了较大贡献。实物期权定价模型对于解决实物投资中的定价和决策提供了一个很好的理论工具。随着实物期权理论的不断发展,实物期权方法将会在更多的研究领域得到应用和拓展。     

实物期权方法研究综述

文章首先介绍了实物期权方法产生的背景,在此基础上对实物期权方法与金融期权做出了分析和对比,最后对实物期权方法的定价模型和进展进行了述评。     

实物期权理论在投资决策中的应用分析

本文介绍了实物期权的涵义、特征,分析了实物期权与金融期权的异同点.应用Black-Scholes期权定价理论,将项目投资问题转化成期权定价问题,与传统净现值投资分析方法结合使用,为投资决策实践提供了新的视角.     

考虑价值漏损的实物期权在林业产权投资项目中的应用

文章基于金融期权理论,结合林权项目投资过程中存在的或有投资决策权,在林业产权交易中嵌入扩张期权,并考虑实物期权中的价值漏损,以二叉树模型为基础建立考虑价值漏损的实物期权定价模型,并将该方法所得结果与传统的二叉树方法进行了对比,结果显示考虑价值漏损的实物期权定价模型更能准确地评价林业产权投资项目的价值.     

The double exponential jump diffusion model for pricing European options under fuzzy environments

The interest rate and volatility may have different values in the different commercial banks and financial institutions. Moreover, the fluctuations of the underlying assets are rare events, and there are not enough historical data to estimate the jump intensity in a precise sense. This paper considers European option pricing problems with the fuzzy interest rate, fuzzy drift, fuzzy volatility and fuzzy jump intensity. We present the fuzzy pricing formula of European options based on the Kou's double exponential jump diffusion model. We also obtain the crisp possibilistic mean option pricing formula in fuzzy double exponential jump diffusion model by using the crisp possibilistic mean values of the fuzzy numbers. Comparing with B-S formula, numerical analysis and empirical results show that the fuzzy double exponential jump diffusion formula and the crisp possibilistic mean option pricing formula are reasonable and can be taken as reference pricing tools for the financial investors.     

A model of multiple-unit ownership as a diffusion process

This paper develops and tests a new model for multiple-unit adoptions of durable goods based on the diffusion modeling tradition. Multiple-unit adoptions are a major component of sales for many consumer durable product categories. For instance, sales of multiple-unit adoptions for televisions have been higher than both first adoptions and replacement purchases since 1977, while for automobiles, they have represented more than 20% of sales since 1966 in Australia. The structural drivers of multiple-unit adoptions are quite different from either first purchase or replacement purchase. Hence, identifying and modeling the multiple-unit component of sales is important for aggregate sales forecasts. Moreover, consumer requirements for additional units of a product are likely to be considerably different than for the other components of sales (first purchases and replacement purchases). As such, the ratio of the first, multiple, and replacement sales components will strongly influence the product mix requirements of the market.

While forecasting and influencing multiple-unit sales are an important managerial issue, very little attention has been given to multiple-unit ownership in the diffusion modeling literature. The only model available was developed for the purpose of modeling relatively short-term behavior of multiple-unit adoptions, rather than the longer-term pattern of sales. We propose a model of multiple-unit adoptions as a diffusion process.

We apply the model to both color television and automobiles. Analysis of the model's long-term fit and forecasts in these applications provide support for the structure of the new model.     

实物期权定价理论及其在中国的适用性分析

实物期权作为西方新兴的价值评估方法在中国拥有广阔的应用前景，但在应用时也应充分注意到这一方法本身的局限性，以及它在中国特殊情况下可能产生的一些问题。本文介绍了两种金融期权定价方法在实物期权中的应用，以及实物期权定价理论在中国的适用性分析。     

Forecasting sales and product evolution: The case of the hybrid/electric car

We present a model that forecasts sales and product evolution, based on data on market and industry, which can be collected before the product is introduced. Product evolution can be incremental but can also take place by releasing new generations. In our model adoption of a new product is motivated by attribute improvements (enabled by technology evolution), and firms' attribute improvements strategies are motivated by market growth and directed by market preferences. The interdependency between attributes' improvements and cumulative adoption level makes the problem inherently dynamic. The dependency of attribute levels on adoption levels is assessed using industry and technology analysis. Market preferences and purchase intention response to attribute levels changes are assessed based on a conjoint study. The option of collecting and interpreting data about both demand and supply aspects, before the new product is introduced, enables us to estimate sales and technology progress endogenously rather than to require them as inputs. We demonstrate the method on the hybrid car market.     

Technology product evolution and the diffusion of new product features

The evolution of technology products can be analysed on multiple levels. Product categories go through continuous evolution determined by the cumulative changes in the features of new product models. This is manifested in the diffusion of new product features and in the increasingly vague boundaries between different product generations. This article develops an approach for planning and forecasting technology product evolution and the diffusion of new product features. This is achieved by isolating the phenomena underlying the evolution process, and formulating the process at the product category, product feature, and product model levels. The approach is derived from these formulations combining the primarily demand-driven product category diffusion and product unit replacement behaviour, and the more supply-driven product feature dissemination. The approach enables meaningful sensitivity analysis including the analysis of discontinuities. The developed approach is applied to characterise the evolution of an example product category of mobile handsets and to forecast the diffusion of mobile handset features using extensive longitudinal and cross-sectional data collected from Finland. In consequence, the process of technology product evolution and the phenomenon of product feature dissemination are suggested as extensions to research on product category diffusion and replacement.     

基于正态云的基础设施建设实物期权定价方法

基础设施建设以及开发环境涉及的不确定性是政府或投资者关注的核心问题之一。实物期权方法是解决不确定性问题的一个有效途径,云理论对于不确定性有更准确的描述。首先,结合实物期权理论及云理论,建立了基于正态云的基础设施建设实物期权定价模型,可以更准确地描述项目的期望与风险程度;其次,结合基础设施建设项目特征,用正态云模型的期望、熵和超熵表示期望现金流现值和投资成本,得到实物期权价值计算方法;最后,通过实际案例分析,验证了方法的有效性,并提出了未来研究的方向与建议。     

A choice-based multi-product diffusion model incorporating replacement demand

This study proposes an integrated forecasting model that incorporates both first purchase diffusion and replacement component of sales in predicting multi-product diffusion patterns. The model consists of a two-stage procedure that customers undertake during purchase occasions according to a diffusion process or replacement process, and at each occasion, they make purchase incidence decisions and product choices according to a choice model. By incorporating various exogenous factors in the choice model, the model can identify the impact of each factor on customers' purchase incidence decisions and choice decisions among various product sub-categories. This approach enables us to understand the overall process of customers' purchasing behavior and to separate total sales amount into sales to three consumer segments: first-time buyers, customers who repurchase the same product category and customers who change their previous product category. We applied the proposed model in the forecasting multi-product framework; forecasting sub-category level automobile sales and brand level mobile terminal sales in the South Korean market. The results of the empirical studies showed that incorporating the replacement components into the multi-product diffusion framework is useful not only in understanding the demand interaction among automobile categories and among mobile handset brands, but also in producing more accurate long-term sales forecasts compared to previous multi-product diffusion models.     

Investigation of the effect of secondary market on the diffusion of innovation

In the high-tech product market, the number of hungry adopters, a new type of early adopters who buy new products and sell them soon in the on- or off-line secondary market to seek for the other new products, has been increasing due to the short product life cycle of high-tech products and the low transaction cost on the Internet. This new phenomenon means that it is inappropriate to consider customers only in the primary market as total adopters in innovation diffusion modeling, since purchasers in the secondary market also have a word-of-mouth effect on the remaining non-adopters. To explain this new phenomenon, we modify the basic Bass diffusion model by incorporating the effect of the secondary market and conduct an empirical analysis. As a result, we conclude that the basic Bass model is likely to overestimate sales volume and tends to forecast lagged peak time when there is an effect from the secondary market. This means that applying a diffusion model to high-tech products without considering the secondary market effect would provide an inaccurate market forecast.     

A study on the relationship between technology diffusion and new product diffusion

This study investigates the relationship between “technology diffusion” and “new product diffusion”. We define “technology diffusion” as a knowledge spillover process, which is represented by patent citation, and “new product diffusion” as the spread of a new product that has been developed by the application of patented technology. To investigate the relationship between the two types of diffusion, we use patent citation data of code division multiple access (CDMA) technology and market sales data of mobile phones in South Korea for the analysis. The results show that the diffusion of technology through patent citation could be successfully explained by empirical analysis, for which the Bass diffusion model was used. Moreover, we can find out if technology diffusion can be the leading indicator of a new product's diffusion before its launching; in other words, before the commercialization of the patent.