企业衍生:高技术产业集群成长的动力

该文阐释了企业衍生的基本概念与分类,分析了企业衍生在培育企业家精神、推动技术进步、促进知识溢出、完善创新网络、活跃集群文化、维持集群新陈代谢系统等方面对高技术产业集群发展的促进作用,指出企业衍生是高技术产业集群成长的不可缺少的动力机制,并给出了相应的政策建议。     

高技术虚拟产业集群知识溢出效应研究

高技术虚拟产业集群作为一种新型的产业组织形式逐渐成为产业集群发展的新趋势。知识溢出则是高技术虚拟产业集群内企业间重要的知识活动之一。通过对高技术虚拟产业集群的特征和知识溢出影响因素的分析,基于凯尼尔斯空间知识溢出模型,构建了高技术虚拟产业集群知识溢出效应模型,结合高技术虚拟产业集群的特点,对其知识溢出效应进行了深入研究。     

两个维度下的知识溢出对区域高技术产业技术创新的影响

知识溢出效应是影响区域创新产出的重要因素。本文借助于综合考虑了R&D经费和知识存量的知识生产函数,将产业集群内知识溢出因素引入该函数,对区域内和区域间的知识溢出因素于区域高技术产业创新产出的作用进行了实证检验。实证结果表明:两个维度下的知识溢出均对区域高技术产业技术创新产出影响显著。     

高技术虚拟产业集群知识溢出机制研究

高技术虚拟产业集群是虚拟产业集群在高技术领域的一种管理模式,它是高技术产业持续发展和区域创新资源整合的有效途径。在界定高技术虚拟产业集群知识溢出内涵的基础上,分析其知识溢出主体、知识溢出途径及其影响因素,通过对不同高技术虚拟产业集群组织模式下知识溢出的研究,为高技术产业集群的虚拟化运作提供知识管理方法和思路。     

浙江省高新技术产业集群知识溢出的实证研究

分别用专业化指数和多样化指数衡量高新技术产业集群的集群内知识溢出(即Mar溢出)和集群间知识溢出(即Jac溢出)。以浙江省13个高新技术开发区为研究对象,分析了各高新技术产业集群聚集的驱动因素,计算了其知识溢出半径并总结了其知识溢出辐射范围。构建固定效应模型,实证研究了Mar知识溢出和Jac知识溢出对高新技术产业集群的经济增长和技术创新能力的影响。结果表明:浙江省沿海城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受多样化知识溢出驱动,浙江省内陆城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受专业化知识溢出驱动;Jac知识溢出既能促进集群的经济增长,又能增强其技术创新能力,而Mar知识溢出主要能提高集群的技术创新能力,但在促进经济增长方面的效果甚微。     

高技术产业集群技术创新文献综述

从知识溢出理论和网络环境理论两个方面,阐述了高技术产业集群技术创新的机理,按照从静态到动态的思路论述了5个典型的模型,回顾了集群与技术创新的实证研究成果,总结了影响产业集群技术创新的各种要素。     

区域高技术产业创新驱动力分析——基于产业集群的视角

创新和集群是当前我国发展高技术产业的两大途径,文章在对经典的知识生产函数进行改进的基础上,构建了综合考虑R＆D经费和知识存量的知识生产函数,并将产业集群内知识溢出因素和政府支持力度引入该函数,借助于空间面板模型分析方法,从产业集群的视角对高技术产业区域创新驱动力进行了实证分析,分析结果表明：考虑了R＆D存量因素的知识生产函数能够比较准确地揭示区域高技术产业知识生产的投入产出关系,区域内的产业集群因素和区域间的知识溢出都对区域高技术产业创新产出影响显著。     

我国产业集群创新效能的形成机理与实现路径

产业集群的创新能力来自于产业集群的内在机理：知识溢出、接近性、技术创新网络、知识和技术的扩散,同时产业集群创新能力的发挥又有其自身的路径依赖。根据我国的实际,当前需要对产业集群的创新要素进行整合,以不断提高产业集群的创新能力,使产业集群的创新机制发挥出最大效能。     

高技术产业集群效应评价研究——以陕西省为例

高技术产业集群效应既是高技术产业集群存在的合理解释,也是高技术产业集群不断完善的动力。结合高技术产业集群的技术、人才、风险投资集聚效应以及协同效应和知识外溢效应,通过构建高技术产业集群效应评价指标系统,对陕西省高技术产业集群效应作出评价。     

装备制造产业集群中的知识溢出悖论--基于静态博弈的一种分析

装备制造业在我国占据重要地位。利用集群促进知识溢出是提高装备制造产业自主创新能力的重要途径。在集群创新体系不完善的条件下,部分装备企业的技术创新能力却并未因产业集群的形成而得到明显改善,集群创新效应仍未凸显,较高的产业关联程度以及快速的技术扩散速度降低了创新型企业拥有知识的垄断价值,影响了正向知识溢出效应的充分发挥,从而产生了负效应即“知识溢出悖论”。文章结合装备制造产业集群的技术创新特点,利用完全信息静态博弈模型对知识溢出悖论进行理论解释,并提出相关对策,包括构建网络化知识产权保护体系、加强装备制造业集群平台建设、强化核心企业扶持力度等,以期为提升装备制造业技术创新能力提供理论和实践参考。     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

Using panel VAR to analyze international knowledge spillovers

Technology diffusion often plays a critical role in models of trade and economic growth. Most existing empirical tests for international technology spillovers suggest some role for spillovers in explaining productivity growth. It has been relatively difficult, however, to identify separate roles for the direct and indirect channels of knowledge spillovers. The influence of these channels is often confounded owing to the focus on total‐factor productivity (TFP) and R&D spending within a cross‐section or panel data setting. This paper employs an alternative methodology to investigate the role of direct knowledge spillovers. Using citation‐weighted domestic patents, citation‐weighted foreign patents and value added for 14 U.S. manufacturing industries over the period 1977 to 2004 a panel VAR methodology is employed to investigate the dynamic role of direct and indirect knowledge spillovers. Evidence for the role of the direct knowledge spillovers channel is found—an increase in citation‐weighted patents abroad directly increases the measure of domestic citation‐weighted patents, after accounting for the influence of productivity/value added. The role of foreign innovative activity, however, is small relative to the role of U.S. innovative activity in explaining the dynamics of industry value added.     

R＆D、R＆D溢出、内生增长和内生收敛

根据强调知识与技术创新、知识与技术溢出重要性的当代内生增长理论，本文建立了一个将R＆D和R＆D溢出与资本积累之间、R＆D和R＆D溢出与总产出增长之间直接关联起来的动态模型。面板数据协整检验实证分析结果表明R＆D和R＆D溢出与资本积累之间、R＆D和R＆D溢出与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的正面长期协整关联。进一步的分析表明，R＆D与资本积累之间、R＆D与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的长期双向格兰杰因果关系。由此观知，R＆D乃长期经济增长源泉之所在。另一方面，尽管资本积累或总产出增长并不格兰杰导致R＆D溢出，证据表明R＆D溢出格兰杰导致资本积累和总产出增长。这种由R＆D溢出到资本积累和总产出增长的单向格兰杰因果关系意味着尽管知识与技术的跨国传播并非必然发生。其实为世界经济增长的重要动力。     

Technology flows between sectors and their impact on large-scale firms

In this article we highlight the importance of technology flows between sectors and their impact on the labour productivity of large-scale corporations. Based on theoretical considerations, we explore technological spillovers between the sectors of an economy. Large-scale corporations usually focus on certain sectors but make use of a wide range of technological knowledge from other sectors. Thereby, technological knowledge built up in sectors by continuous R&D activities does not spill over without bounds but is directed by firms’ absorptive capacities. We use firms’ patent portfolio to empirically calculate the sector affiliation and therewith the firms’ absorptive capacities in order to estimate the impact of technology diffusion on labour productivity. Fortune 500 firms serve as data base.     

FDI和进口贸易对中国的技术溢出效应——基于西方大国与亚洲四小龙的比较

一国(地区)的技术进步不仅取决于本国(地区)的研发资本存量,而且取决于引入的外国(地区)研发资本存量的溢出效应.本文采用扩展的CH模型,将研发资本存量作为解释变量,选取1993年至2006年的面板数据,研究西方大国(G8成员国)和亚洲四小龙通过进口贸易、FDI两个途径对中国的技术溢出效用.研究结论有三:一是FDI的技术溢出效用显著为正;二是西方大国FDI的溢出效应略高于亚洲四小龙;三是我国自己的研发资本存量只是在没有西方大国影响的情况下与全要素生产率存在显著的正相关关系.     

我国军民两用技术双向溢出效应评价模型研究

发展军民两用高技术,有助于发展新兴产业,对国民经济和国防建设具有非常重要的意义。通过验证军民两用技术双向溢出的存在及建立军民两用技术溢出效应评价模型,为我国加强军民两用技术R&D合作及制定相关政策提供理论支持,以达到有效利用有限的国防预算和发展经济的目标。     

技术的公共品或私人品特性与国际技术溢出效应：基于我国的实证分析

本文在假设技术/知识的公共品或私人品特性条件下,研究分析了以进口贸易和FDI为传导机制的国际技术溢出对我国全要素生产率的影响。分析结果表明:通过进口贸易和FDI传导的国际R&D资本、国内R&D资本与我国全要素生产率之间存在稳定的长期均衡关系;技术的公共品或私人品特性不同,技术溢出对我国技术进步产生的影响也存在显著差异。     

Inter-firm knowledge diffusion, market power, and welfare

We propose an infinite-horizon quantity-setting differential game with learning spillovers and organizational forgetting to analyze the optimal management decisions affecting the evolution of the stock of know-how, and, in turn, the dynamics of productive efficiency. Specifically, we study the long run impact of inter-firm knowledge diffusion on market power, i.e. the ability of a firm to raise the price above the marginal cost, and welfare. We consider two types of processes through which knowledge is acquired: (i) passive learning, or learning-by-doing, where managers do not actively invest in information and (ii) active learning, or learning-by-investing, where managers acquire new and additional information through specific investments in human capital. We show that: under (i), knowledge diffusion reduces market power; under (ii), knowledge diffusion reduces market power as long as learning spillovers are sufficiently important. From a welfare viewpoint, we also show that: under (i), knowledge diffusion is always welfare-enhancing; under (ii), weak spillovers are required in order for knowledge diffusion to be welfare-enhancing.     

Technology Spillovers between Sectorsand over Time

Technology spillovers are an important source of economic growth. This article presents a new method to measure technology spillovers at the macroeconomic or sectoral level by means of a so-called technology flow matrix. The main novelty relative to existing technology flow matrices is that the matrix in this article provides insight into the time dimension of the spillover process. The matrix is used to assess whether or not R&D spillovers lead to a more equal distribution of technology investment over sectors.     

Threshold effect of international technology spillovers on China's regional economic growth

ABSTRACT

This study uses China's provincial panel data for 2003–2016 to estimate the turning point of technology spillovers promoting economic growth in the coastal and inland areas. The results show that the turning point in coastal areas is significantly higher than that in inland areas. However, improved absorptive capacity as a result of regional disparity increases the threshold of technology spillovers from promotion to suppression in inland areas but decreases it in coastal areas. Then, this study further tests the threshold characteristics of absorptive capacity factors influencing international technology spillovers using a double-threshold regression model and estimates the threshold values of both forward and reverse spillovers from the viewpoint of knowledge context, economic development, opening degree and human resources infrastructure. In conclusion, the effect of absorptive capacity factors on international spillovers is nonlinear, that is, when absorptive capacity factors are between the two threshold values, technology spillovers are maximised.