做市商制度的利弊分析

做市商制度在美国NASDAQ市场的成功引起了各国的关注,有关的讨论十分激烈,本分析了做市商制度的利弊,并结合中国实际指出,该制度不适合中国的创业板市场。     

Market Transparency and the Accounting Regime

We model the interaction of financial market transparency and different accounting regimes. This paper provides a theoretical rationale for the recently proposed shift in accounting standards from historic cost accounting to marking to market. The paper shows that marking to market can provide investors with an early warning mechanism while historical cost gives management a “veil” under which they can potentially mask a firm's true economic performance. The model provides new explanations for several empirical findings and has some novel implications. We show that greater opacity in financial markets leads to more frequent and more severe crashes in asset prices (under a historic‐cost‐accounting regime). Moreover, our model indicates that historic cost accounting can make the financial market more rather than less volatile, which runs counter to conventional wisdom. The mechanism shown in the model also sheds light on the cause of many financial scandals in recent years.     

证券交易的透明度与信息揭示制度：理论综述

证券交易过程中，交易信息的发布、扩散和传递方式对于各类市场参与者非常重要。目前关于信息揭示制度和交易透明度对市场运行效果的影响尚存在许多争议。本文讨论了交易透明度的含义、研究者和市场机构对于交易透明度的争论、交易透明度与市场绩效的关系，以及不同交易透明性的市场之间的竞争等问题，系统总结了目前与证券交易透明度和交易信息揭示有关的理论观点，以期把握交易信息揭示程度对市场产生的影响，以及由此引起的交易透明度对市场的运行效率产生的影响。     

Transparency in the Mortgage Market

This paper studies the impact of transparency in the mortgage market on the underlying real estate market. We show that geographic transparency in the secondary mortgage market, which implies geographic risk based pricing in the primary market, can limit risk-sharing and make house prices more volatile. Ex ante, regions prefer opaque markets to enable insurance opportunities. We discuss the implications for risk based pricing and house price volatility more generally. In addition, we investigate the specific conditions under which competitive lenders would optimally choose to provide opaque lending, thus reducing volatility in the real estate market. We show that in general the opaque competitive equilibrium is not stable, and lenders have incentive to switch to transparent lending if one of the geographic regions has experienced a negative income shock. We propose market and regulatory mechanisms that make the opaque competitive equilibrium stable and insurance opportunities possible.     

做市商指引修订外汇市场发展再迎新机遇

《银行间外汇市场做市商指引》于2005年发布后,根据外汇市场实践经历多次修订,保障做市商制度发挥作用,促进外汇市场健康有序发展,增强服务实体经济能力。2021年的这次修订致力于优化做市商结构、简政放权、加强做市能力考核、规范市场交易行为。中国外汇交易中心始终全面扎实推进《指引》落实,推动外汇市场高质量发展。     

Competition and Information Production in Market Maker Models

Abstract:   The microstructure literature models the mechanisms through which fundamental information is incorporated into market prices. This paper extends previous models by endogenising information production and analysing incentives for costly information production. In contrast to the existing literature, increasing the number of informed traders can result in reduced price informativeness. When prices have an allocative role this has welfare consequences: the regulatory implications of a dichotomy between private and public incentives for information gathering are discussed.     

优化做市商管理推动外汇市场高质量发展

为适应金融市场双向开放不断推进的新形势,促进外汇市场可持续发展,2021年伊始,国家外汇管理局修订并发布《银行间外汇市场做市商指引》,交易中心配套出台《银行间外汇市场尝试做市机构指引》并修订《银行间外汇市场评优办法》,进一步完善银行间外汇市场做市商制度。此次做市商制度改革优化流动性分层体系,丰富市场流动性来源,将有力推动外汇市场构建新格局、再上新台阶。具体看,本次改革如何对做市商管理进行优化,并对银行做市业务产生深远影响?交易中心如何从系统、服务、机制等方面入手,有效落实做市商制度的修订和实施?做市商和尝试做市机构应如何加强自身做市能力建设,提升服务实体经济能力?在本期中,本刊组织专题,对上述问题作深入探讨,供读者参考。     

Corporate Bond Market Transaction Costs and Transparency

Using a complete record of U.S. over‐the‐counter (OTC) secondary trades in corporate bonds, we estimate average transaction costs as a function of trade size for each bond that traded more than nine times between January 2003 and January 2005. We find that transaction costs decrease significantly with trade size. Highly rated bonds, recently issued bonds, and bonds close to maturity have lower transaction costs than do other bonds. Costs are lower for bonds with transparent trade prices, and they drop when the TRACE system starts to publicly disseminate their prices. The results suggest that public traders benefit significantly from price transparency.     

市场透明度改变影响交易者行为吗？

基于中国证券市场2003年12月8日提高市场透明度这一事件，本文对市场透明度提高对交易者行为的影响进行了研究。结果发现：市场透明度提高明显改变了交易者的交易策略，主要表现为交易者整体交易指令的激进程度降低，其中交易者减少提交市价指令，增加了撤单的频率。研究还发现，市场透明度提高导致交易者提交价格增进的限价指令的比例下降，而提交小额交易指令的比例增加，同时交易者对交易环境的改变具有学习与逐步适应的能力。     

论美国债券市场的透明度

对于证券市场，透明度意味着达到这样一种程度，即对市场所有的参与而言，关于价格的及时数据是可见的和可以理解的。在不同时期，一些市场参与极力阻挠投资获取信息。然而实践一次又一次证明：透明度－借用肯尼迪总统的话来讲，是一个能托起所有船只的潮汐。     

The Quality of ECN and Nasdaq Market Maker Quotes

This paper compares the quality of quotes submitted by electronic communication networks (ECNs) and by traditional market makers to the Nasdaq quote montage. An analysis of the most active Nasdaq stocks shows that ECNs not only post informative quotes, but also, compared to market makers, ECNs post quotes rapidly and are more often at the inside. Additionally, ECN quoted spreads are smaller than dealer quoted spreads. The evidence suggests that the proliferation of alternative trading venues, such as ECNs, may promote quote quality rather than fragmenting markets. Moreover, the results suggest that a more open book contributes to quote quality.     

Market Maker Performance: The Search for Fair Weather Market Makers

The London Stock Exchange has long been concerned that some market makers do not fulfill their obligations. This study describes a range of measures to identify such fair weather market makers. The results indicate that three firms of market makers meet the criteria for fair weather market making. It is also discovered that market makers in a given stock all quote the same fixed spread in round pennies and that this is about twice the touch. Internalized order flow is pervasive, with market makers receiving 57% of their order flow from associated brokers. However, fair weather market making is found to be distinct from order preferencing and internalization.     

Risk Aversion, Transparency, and Market Performance

Using a model of market making with inventories based on Biais (1993), we find that investors obtain more favorable execution prices, and they hence invest more, when markets are fragmented. In our model, risk-averse dealers use less aggressive price strategies in more transparent markets (centralized) because quote dissemination alleviates uncertainty about the prices quoted by other dealers and, hence, reduces the need to compete aggressively for order flow. Further, we show that the move toward greater transparency (centralization) may have detrimental effects on liquidity and welfare.     

国际资本市场中的做市商制度：功能、影响与趋势研究

做市商制度具有保持市场流动性、促成大宗交易和维护市场稳定、提高市场有效性和场外交易市场运作等项功能,中国引入做市商制度应将竞争性做市商制度与现有的竞价机制相结合,建立起适应中国市场特征、符合国际发展趋势的混合型做市商制度。     

汇率形成机制与做市商制度:动因、成本分析

人民币汇率形成机制问题成为近年来国际经济事务中的焦点.中国外汇交易中心2005年5月推出8种外汇交易品种以及引入外币间交易做市商制度,这一举措成为观察、试验做市商制度的序曲.本文研究认为,外汇市场引入做市商制度有利于改善人民币汇率形成机制,但是由于我国外汇市场还不完善,引入做市商制度也会带来一定的成本.为了全面推广做市商制度,多方面配套问题尚待解决.     

Auditor Fees, Market Microstructure, and Firm Transparency

Abstract:  Auditors, as corporate insiders, have access to private information regarding the firm's financial and business opacity that is unavailable to outside investors. We test whether auditors price their knowledge of firm opacity in their audit fees by examining two competing hypotheses. The first states that higher audit fees may reflect the greater risk that the auditor faces in auditing an opaque firm. Under this hypothesis, market based measures of opacity will be positively correlated with higher fees. The second hypothesis states that firms buy reputational capital from their auditor by paying high fees in an attempt to improve the market's perception of the firm's transparency. In this case, higher audit fees are negatively correlated with market based measures of opacity. Our results are consistent with the first hypothesis, that auditors price opacity risk into their fees.     

潮平两岸阔,风正一帆悬--新版《银行间外汇市场做市商指引》促进外汇市场行稳致远

为进一步优化银行间外汇市场做市商管理,日前国家外汇管理局印发《关于修订<银行间外汇市场做市商指引>的通知》,旨在优化做市结构、对尝试做市机构简政放权、规范做市交易行为、强调做市责任义务。对此,做市商银行应通过积极履行职责义务、加强综合做市能力建设、严格落实外汇自律准则、做好风险中性理念传导,不断提升报价和交易服务水平,主动服务实体经济。     

The Effect of Market Transparency: Volatility and Liquidity in the Korean Stock Market

Faced with unprecedented competition, stock markets should have fairness and transparency. The effects of market transparency for the stock market volatility and liquidity will be investigated using the case of the Korean stock market. The evidence from this study indicates that increasing the market transparency makes the price discovery process more efficient than before from the viewpoint of stock market volatility, and increases the stock market liquidity compared with before.     

高业银行人民币做市商业务及其发展策略

随着我国银行间市场的发展,人民币做市商业务已经成为商业银行的重要资金业务之一,如何发展人民币做市商业务成为摆在国内商业银行面前的迫切要求和任务.本文从国内人民币做市商业务的发展历程谈起,总结了人民币做市商业务的经验和不足,并借鉴国外优秀商业银行的成功经验,结合我国商业银行实际,提出了我国商业银行人民币做市商业务的发展策略.     

Information Diversity and Market Behavior

The paper addresses two major issues raised by information diversity in a speculative market. First, we analyze what property of an investor's information leads to an expected speculative profit and show that independence is more important than accuracy. Second, we consider whether the market price must become fully efficient, in the sense that every investor's information is accurately discounted, when traders use it rationally as an information source. We prove that for any information structure there is a unique equilibrium weighting of investor beliefs at which the price is fully efficient and also every trader's expected profit is zero. Except for special structures, however, this equilibrium need not be attained in finite time.