积极培育渔民协会增强渔民市场主体地位

单个的渔民在市场交易中存在很多劣势 ,交易成本过高 ,制约了渔业经济效益的提高 ,影响了渔民增收和渔业发展 ,急需进行新的组织制度创新。渔民协会通过提高渔民的组织化程度 ,可以明显增强渔民在市场竞争中的主体地位 ,应该大力提倡和积极培育。(一 )我国渔民的市场交易成本居高的制约因素分析　交易成本是新制度经济学制度分析的核心概念之一 ,新制度经济学认为 ,任何市场交易都是需要成本的 ,人们在市场上搜寻有关的价格信息 ,为了达成交易进行谈判和签约 ,以及监督合约执行等活动都需要花费费用 ,这就是交易成本。对渔业生产经营者而言 …     

上市公司股权结构对公司治理结构影响的分析

在专业化生产体系中，企业这种组织的产生，是由于市场机制本身存在着缺陷，即存在着交易成本。交易成本的存在使得资源配置效率难以趋向其极大值，价格机制在实现资源配置的过程中内生地形成了由搜寻成本、信息成本、谈判成本以及签约成本所构成的交易成本。企业“组织”实际上不过是为降低交易成本而形成的一种市场替代机制。     

交易成本、农户认知及参与“农超对接”行为——基于辽宁省梨农的调查数据

本文基于交易成本理论,通过对辽宁省鞍山市南果梨梨农的问卷调查,运用因子分析和Logistic回归模型分析了梨农的交易成本认知对农户参与"农超对接"行为的影响。分析表明:降低交易成本是农户参与"农超对接"的内在动力,搜寻信息中的成本认知、对组织发展与服务的认知以及执行过程中的成本认知,提高上述认知有利于提高农户参与"农超对接"的积极性。最后,从农户、合作社以及超市三个方面提出相关对策建议。     

交易成本对中国农户鲜茶叶交易中垂直协作模式选择意愿的影响——基于9省(区、市)29县1394户农户调查数据的分析

本文基于交易成本理论和中国茶叶优势产区9省(区、市)29县1394户农户的调查数据,采用有序Logistic模型,分析了不同生产规模的农户鲜茶叶交易中垂直协作模式选择意愿的影响因素。结果表明,降低交易成本和交易风险是农户选择垂直协作模式的主要原因,交易频率、信息搜寻成本、谈判成本和监督成本对不同生产规模的农户都有较强的约束。对交易商的选择余地等交易特征对小规模农户垂直协作模式选择意愿的影响明显大于对较大规模农户的影响。农户的生产特征、家庭特征和个人特征以及社会资本特征,对他们垂直协作模式选择意愿也有一定影响。特别是由生产规模过小引起的兼业化、副业化等因素在相当程度上抑制了农户选择紧密型垂直协作模式的意愿。     

交易成本对农户农产品销售行为的影响——基于陕西省6个县27个村果农调查数据的分析

本文利用第一手的果农调查数据,采用有序Probit模型,从信息成本、谈判成本、执行(监测)成本三个方面,分析了农产品流通中交易成本对农户农产品销售行为的影响及不同经营规模农户销售农产品时面临的约束。研究发现:①信息成本对不同经营规模农户都有较强约束,农户都缺乏及时、可靠的市场信息来源,获取市场信息的成本较高;②谈判成本对不同经营规模农户销售行为的影响有显著差异;③执行(监测)成本对较大经营规模农户销售行为的负面影响明显小于对中小经营规模农户的负面影响;④农户家庭特征变量对其销售行为的影响不显著。在此基础上,本文提出,在农产品流通体系建设中,应从政府提供公共产品和鼓励私人部门投资两方面,降低交易成本,以增加农户参与市场的机会。     

交易成本视角下的农地抛荒生成机理分析——以甘肃省J村为例

文章以甘肃省Y县J村的农地抛荒现象为个案分析,从交易成本理论的视角出发,结合典型的抛荒案例,运用实地调查与访谈相结合的方法,提出了一个以交易成本分析农地抛荒原因的解释框架。实证研究表明,农户选择抛荒农地最重要的原因是农地流转与农产品销售过程中的交易成本(包括信息搜寻成本、谈判成本与缔约成本、执行成本与违约成本以及运输成本)过高。通过分析农地抛荒的生成机理,提出必须推广"土地银行"、成立农地流转中介机构、建立农村专业合作组织等解决措施,以期降低农户的交易费用,缓解农村耕地大面积抛荒的现象。     

劳动力成本上升对经济作物农药施用强度的影响研究——基于苹果主产区的省际面板数据分析

经济作物的农药过量施用问题一直是生态环境保护和食品质量安全的重要议题。文章基于2004-017年省际面板数据,探究了劳动力成本上升对中国苹果主产区农药施用强度的影响。结果表明:(1)劳动力成本与中国苹果主产区亩均农药施用成本呈倒"U"型关系,且随着劳动力成本不断增加,施药强度呈先上升后下降的趋势。一方面,随着劳动力成本上升,果农出于保证收益和降低风险的考虑会增加施药强度,而劳动力成本进一步上升,会使得劳动力要素投入减少,传统的基于精耕细作和打"放心药"的过量施药行为得到改善;另一方面,生产者出于节约成本的考量,倾向于按需施药和科学合理施药,减少了施药次数,有利于降低苹果果品的总体施药强度。(2)劳动成本上升与实现农药减施的政策目标具有较大协同性,这对进一步实施农药减施增效政策以及提升农产品质量安全具有重要的政策意义。     

集体林权流转弱市场化困境的思考——基于交易费用理论视角

新一轮林权改革的制度绩效并未形成流转的强烈预期,集体林权流转的弱市场化特征明显。结合交易成本与流转行为形成机理发现,交易成本高低对林权市场流转效率的影响显著。林改后,各种因素的共同作用使得信息成本、契约成本、履约监督成本、违约追偿成本等林权交易费用不降反升,导致林权的弱市场化流转困境。政府应明确职能定位,完善法规制度建设,构建信息共享平台,以降低林权交易成本,缓解林权流转弱市场化困境。     

冰岛个别可转让配额制度及其对中国的启示

个别可转让配额制度是当前世界渔业管理的发展趋势之一。鉴于冰岛是最早实施个别可转让配额制度的国家，其成功经验和发展过程中长期存在的问题及成因值得探究。文章通过冰岛个别可转让配额制度的研究，深入分析其发展历程、特点、存在的问题及解决方案，在此基础上结合中国国情及限额捕捞试点情况，发现其对中国渔业管理的启示体现在以下五个方面：一是加强近海渔业资源的调查和研究，科学确定总可捕捞量；二是合理分配初始配额，保障生计渔民的权益；三是制定有关配额的灵活性措施，解决副渔获物丢弃的问题；四是建立上岸登陆和交易控制系统，提高渔业监督与执法能力；五是发展基层渔民组织，鼓励更多渔民提供决策建议。     

基于博弈实验的上级政府干预对征地交易成本影响分析

研究目的:揭示标准控制、信息公开、事后惩罚等上级政府干预手段对农民—地方政府征地博弈及交易成本的影响,为科学设计征地制度提供参考。研究方法:博弈实验、比较分析。研究结果:(1)强势政府模式下,农民违建、政府强征、农民维权行为的发生率分别为60.8%、42.3%和39.2%,交易成本约相当于土地总价值的15.7%,土地增值收益的17.4%;(2)单一提高征地补偿标准或内部的地方政府最低补偿报价、单一加大对地方政府强制征地行为的事后惩罚将显著增加征地交易成本;(3)将农民与政府价格谈判空间控制在较小区间可以减少交易成本;(4)要求地方政府事前了解农民补偿意愿有利于降低交易成本。研究结论:从减少征地冲突、降低交易成本出发,不能单方面"声援"农民或对地方政府征地行为实施高压;制度设计应着眼于提高征地信息透明化,增进不同主体对土地增值收益公平分配的共识。     

基于可转让配额的新增建设用地调控研究

将海洋渔业研究领域的可转让配额机制引入新增建设用地调控研究,以探索我国现行新增建设用地指令性管理的改进方向.分析了个别可转让配额机制引入的适用性和理论逻辑以及可转让配额新增建设用地指标管理实施的关键问题,并以百色市为例,计算引入可转让配额后新增建设用地指标GDP的机械增长和软性增长,证明引入可转让配额,可显化各地对新增建设用地的真实需求,提高新增建设用地指标的产出效率,在一定程度上证实可转让配额机制的引入可以成为今后我国新增建设用地指令性管理体制改革的选择方向之一.     

Conflicting uses of marine resources: can ITQs promote an efficient solution?*

This paper examines the allocation problem arising from conflicting demands for marine resource use by (i) commercial fishers, (ii) recreational fishers, and (iii) conservationists. It is shown that decentralised trading of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) is capable of an efficient allocation of resource use between the first two parties. In contrast, it is found that the standard ITQ system is not capable of performing the same ideal co‐ordination between the conflicting interests of extractive users, that is, all fishers, and the non‐extractive ones, that is, conservationists. The reason is that quota trades between individual fishers and conservationists are inevitably accompanied by (positive) externalities on both other fishers and conservationists. As a result, decentralised quota trades between these parties cannot be efficient. The fundamental economic observation is that quotas for conservation and for extraction constitute two different goods. It follows that a socially optimal market allocation of these two goods requires two prices instead of the single quota price in the standard ITQ system. Thus, to achieve efficiency, the ITQ system has to be extended to incorporate both types of goods. It is shown in the paper that if fishers and conservationists can organise themselves into groups, trades of conservation quotas between the two groups can in principle lead to fully efficient allocation. An interesting implication of this modified ITQ system is that the need for a fisheries authority to set the total allowable catch (TACs) disappears.     

Highgrading in Quota-Regulated Fisheries: Evidence from the Icelandic Cod Fishery

A model with nonlinear discarding costs is developed for a fishery with an individual transferable quota (ITQ) program. The model shows that limited hold capacity and ITQs provide incentives to discard fish. The model is applied to the Icelandic ITQ-regulated cod fishery to test for highgrading and to predict the discarded quantities of different grades of fish. The results indicate that vessels are involved in highgrading, but there is no evidence of quota price-induced highgrading. The predicted total discarded quantities are 4.7% and 2.7% of total landings for gillnet and longline vessels, respectively. These correspond well with official biometric estimates.     

Asset Pricing in Created Markets

We investigate the applicability of the present-value asset pricing model to fishing quota markets by applying instrumental variable panel data estimation techniques to 15 years of market transactions from New Zealand's individual transferable quota (ITQ) market. In addition to the influence of current fishing rents, we explore the effect of market interest rates, risk, and expected changes in future rents on quota asset prices. The results indicate that quota asset prices are positively related to declines in interest rates, lower levels of risk, expected increases in future fish prices, and expected cost reductions from rationalization under the quota system.     

Drivers of transaction costs affecting participation in the rental market for cropland in Vietnam

Farm incomes in rural Vietnam are tightly constrained by very small farm sizes. Stringent limits on the area of cropland that individuals may own means that farmers need a well‐functioning rental market to consolidate land parcels, grow their farm enterprises, adopt new technology and increase incomes. This research investigates the efficiency and equity impacts of the rental market in rural Vietnam and attempts to identify transaction costs impeding the market. A generalised ordered logit model with shifting thresholds allowing transaction costs to impact lessors and lessees differently was specified and estimated using data extracted from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys. The findings show that rental transactions reduced imbalances in factor endowments, transferring cropland to households that were relatively land‐poor but more willing and able to farm. However, the market is constrained by transaction costs that affect lessors and lessees differently. It is recommended that government should complete its land registration program and relax restrictions on the use of wetlands to grow crops other than rice. It should also improve access to all‐weather roads as this encourages participation on both sides of the rental market, whereas better access to communications infrastructure was found to promote only the supply side.     

Structural Change and Policy Reform in the UK Dairy Sector

Estimation of a cost function for a representative sample of UK dairy producers allows future re‐structuring of the industry to be simulated using a model which incorporates producers' differential costs and milk prices. Consideration is also given to reductions in producer prices and to the introduction of an A/B quota system. The results indicate that, despite the history of quota trading in the UK, there is considerable scope for further restructuring in the industry to take advantage of differential incentives between producers. It is also projected that UK milk supply would increase if quota restrictions were removed.     

A laboratory assessment of the choice of vessel size under individual transferable quota regimes

This paper examines the effect of individual transferable quota regimes on technology choice, such as choice of vessel size, by using the laboratory experiment method. We find that even if vessel sizes change over time, the quota price can converge to the fundamental value conditioned on the vessels chosen. We also find that subjects choose their vessel type to maximise their profits based on the quota trading prices in the previous period. This result implies that the efficiency of quota markets in the beginning period is important because any inefficiency in quota markets may affect vessel sizes in ensuing periods. Moreover, we find that the initial allocations may significantly influence vessel sizes through two channels: first, a higher initial allocation to a subject increases the likelihood that the subject invests in a large‐sized vessel; second, the quota price may be higher and more unstable under unequal allocation than under equal allocation; thus, whether the allocation is equal influences subjects' choice of vessel type.     

集体林权制度改革的经济学分析

运用新制度经济学与微观经济学相关理论分析了中国集体林权制度存在交易成本极高、"搭便车"行为、"败德"行为、"少数派"侵占"多数派"利益、不能满足林农个体偏好多样性等经济缺陷,而集体林权制度改革能够克服上述经济缺陷,具有对林业经营主体进行激励与约束、将林业负外部性内在化、改变林业资源配置方式和提高配置效率等经济功能,并提出了实现其经济功能的途径:通过完善林权的排他性、可分割性、可转让性和安全性使林农拥有真正的私人产权;同时取消对商品林的采伐限额制度。     

A CGE analysis of trade costs in the Russian agrofood sector

Ten years after the end of central planning, enormous interregional price differences indicate that Russian food markets are not well integrated spatially. Trade potentials are thus not exploited, most probably because of high trade costs. Besides transport costs, transaction costs seem to play an important role as an impediment to interregional arbitrage. These transaction costs can be very high in transition countries due to underdeveloped market structures and weak public institutions. After subtracting transport costs from interregional price differences, large differences remain, particularly in the case of high‐value products. It is assumed that these residual price differences constitute the transaction cost component of total trade costs. The regional economic impact of different trade cost components is quantified using a bi‐regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Simulations show that the results are quite different between the two stylized regions (East and West), depending on which trade cost component is reduced. While the welfare effects of varying customs tariffs and transport margins are rather limited, lower transaction costs of trade seem to be a promising way to achieve a better functioning food market in Russia.     

Market Integration and Market Efficiency under Seasonal Tariff Rate Quotas

Switzerland applies seasonal tariff rate quotas (TRQs) for the import of many fruits and vegetables during the domestic harvest season. We examine how this system affects the relationship between Italian and Swiss tomato prices and test for physical market integration and spatial equilibrium conditions over time. We use detailed, transaction‐based data on trade flows and trade costs and estimate an extended parity bounds model, following Barrett and Li (2002). We confirm that in the summer season, when TRQs are in place, markets are inefficient. While quota holders receive positive rents, the marginal rents for importers without quota shares are negative. This inhibits trade flows above the in‐quota import quantity allowed by TRQs. Hence, despite leading to inefficiencies and creating rents for importers, seasonal TRQs are effective in protecting domestic production against competing imports.