Affirmative Action and Corporate Compliance in South Korea

Abstract

The Affirmative Action Act was introduced in South Korea in 2006 to increase female employment and correct discriminatory hiring practices. Using the combined data sets of survey and the Act's implementation plan, this paper provides logit estimation results to examine empirically how political perceptions or attitudes of firms influence corporate noncompliance with the Act. According to a corporate personnel manager survey, affirmative action was initially pursued as a campaign pledge by the liberal party (the Korea Democratic Party) to attract women's votes, and took on a looser shape as the government compromised with the business sector after an election. A weak enforcement structure ultimately diluted the effects of the Act. A logit analysis indicates that noncompliance is more probable in companies that perceive affirmative action as part of a design to achieve political goals, and compliance is more probable in companies that feel it is likely to improve corporate management.     

A Remark on Color‐Blind Affirmative Action

Faced with legal challenges to explicitly race‐contingent admissions policies, elite educational institutions have turned to criteria that meet diversity goals without being formally contingent on applicant identity. We establish that under weak conditions that apply generically, such color‐blind affirmative action policies must be nonmonotone, in the sense that within each social group, some students with lower scores are admitted while others with higher scores are denied. In addition, we argue that blind rules can generate greater disparities in mean scores across groups conditional on acceptance than would arise if explicitly race‐contingent policies were permitted.     

Race,Affirmative Action,and Women's Employment in US Highway Construction

This paper analyzes employment hours, supplemented by interview data, from large highway construction sites in Boston, Los Angeles, and Oakland in the 1980s and 1990s. This study suggests that affirmative action positively affects the employment of women in construction and where there is more pressure, there are strongr results. Second, white women and women of color tend to work in trades that reflect the existing racial hierarchies among men. Therefore race as well as gender should be reflected in the design and measurement of the impacts of employment programs. Community organizing, advocacy for women and men of color, judicial oversight and positive efforts by unions and employers are still critical to bridging the gap between policy intentions and outcomes.     

国际化在高等教育跨越式发展中的作用

高等教育国际化是经济全球化引发的一场世界教育潮流，在分析教育国际化程度较高的几个国家的基础上，论述了我国高等教育国际化中输出与输入的关系和国际化对实施高等教育跨越式发展的促进作用，并提出我国高等教育国际化和加速建设世界一流大学的战略。     

Affirmative action in contest games

This paper analyzes the incentive effects of affirmative action in competitive environments. Competition is between heterogeneous players in a contest game where heterogeneity might be due to past discrimination. Two policy options are analyzed that tackle the underlying asymmetry: either it is ignored and the contestants are treated equally, or affirmative action is implemented to neutralize the disadvantages of discriminated players. Comparing the induced effort exertion under the two policies reveals that in a two-player contest game the normative neutralization objective of affirmative action coincides with higher effort exertion. However, in the multi-player contest affirmative action might have adverse incentive effects as the participation of additional weak players detrimentally affects effort incentives of other players. These results also obtain under imperfect information of the contest organizer.     

Productivity and Policy in Higher Education

Understanding and improving the performance of public higher education institutions is a matter of growing interest to university and government leaders. To this end, this article surveys dimensions of recent approaches to productivity measurement in higher education, illustrating trends, limitations and developments, and exemplifies these with reference to Australian universities. The article closes by discussing policy considerations that would help augment the design of policy, making comment on the implications for performance‐incentivised funding of higher education.     

信息化与中国高校教育

高等教育信息化是衡量一个国家信息化和现代化的重要指标。这一指标又可以细分为课堂教学信息化、课外学习信息化、教务考务信息化、学生个人资料管理信息化、交友娱乐信息化和去网络化、就业信息化等。通过对上述各指标进行考察,描述发展现状及存在的约束条件,是中国高等教育信息化的一个总结性文件。     

高等教育国际化对我国高等教育发展的启示

文章从当前经济全球化和知识经济以及中国加入WTO等角度,思考当前中国高校在高等教育国际化方面所面临的诸如人才全球性流动、教育信息的“地球村”效应、本土高等教育与国际高等教育的衔接等问题,提出应强化高等教育的前瞻性,树立高等教育的国际意识,加快高校产学研集群化建设,培养国际型、创新型人才,加大高等教育投入,确保高等教育的可持续发展等对策。     

Gender,Class, and Caste Schisms in Affirmative Action Policies: The Curious Case of India's Women's Reservation Bill

Following the introduction of economic liberalization policies in 1991, India has registered steady gains in terms of conventional economic indices such as external trade, investment inflows, and foreign exchange reserves. However, globalization has also caused the feminization of poverty. To counter this trend of marginalization of women, it is necessary to address the gender imbalance in decision-making positions. A Constitutional Amendment Bill seeking 33 percent reservation for women in parliament and state legislatures has, however, been scuttled by three successive governments since 1996, even while each party swears by its commitment to gender equity. The reasons for this curious schism showcase a classic example of gender-class-caste alignments and divisions, under political compulsions. This paper examines this ongoing gender-caste-class imbroglio, in the context of Indian affirmative action policies (economic, social, political), which have generated "backlash" reactions.     

Contingent Labor and Higher Education

Over the past 30 years, the profession of college professor in the US has been changing from a high-status occupation, where faculty have extensive control over their job responsibilities, to a low-status contingent job in the peripheral labor market. This change mirrors the drift toward nonstandard employment in other sectors of the economy. Contingent and part-time faculty have grown at 10 times the rate of growth for tenure-track faculty, leading to a fundamental transformation in the nature of the professoriate. We review data related to these changes as well as the conventional explanations for this transformation. We conclude that the current system of academic labor is best understood within the core–periphery model of nonstandard employment. We conclude with some brief prospects for the future of the academic labor market and higher education.     

政府与高等教育投资

本文从高等教育投资的特殊性出发 ,阐述政府与高等教育投资关系 ,建议政府加强对高等教育投资作用。     

高校网络德育及其模式构建

电脑网络是高校德育工作的新途径,当前高校学生网络道德失范既表现在心理上,也表现在外在行为上,必须从高校网络德育的基本目标、基本任务、基本原则、基本内容、基本方法等方面构建起有效模式。     

Fiscal Competition and Higher Education Spending in Germany

The present paper studies the determinants of higher education spending by the German federal states with a focus on the interplay between higher education spending of neighboring states. More specifically, the paper asks whether the German federal states free‐ride on one another's higher educational spending or whether they employ higher education spending to attract university graduates. We identify a positive relationship between the states' higher education spending and conclude that the states compete for graduates rather than free‐ride. We also consider the effect of the recent introduction of tuition fees in some, but not all German states. We do not find evidence that tuition fees led to crowding out of public higher education funds.     

试论高等教育与经济发展

高等教育与经济发展的结合,这既是高等教育自身发展的需要,也是我国社会经济发展的迫切要求。文章就我国经济发展存在的问题、高等教育与经济发展的关系以及高等教育促进经济协调发展的途径作了简单的论述。     

面向知识经济年报我国高等教育

世纪之交,知识经济的浪潮滚滚而来,作为知识经济基础的高等教育,面临严峻的挑战和难得的机遇,怎样使我国高等教育适应知识经济发展的需要,本文进行如下探讨.     

高等教育大众化与高等教育可持续发展问题探析

高等教育大众化是实现高等教育可持续发展的必然选择.我国在推进高等教育大众化的进程中取得了巨大成绩,也出现了不少矛盾和问题.其中,教育质量能否保障,高校能否持续发展等成为全社会关注的焦点.正确处理高等教育大众化与可持续发展的关系和选择、建立高等教育大众化的发展战略及运行机制是问题的关键所在.     

Redistribution and Subsidies for Higher Education

The financing of higher education through public spending imposes a transfer of resources from taxpayers to university students and their parents. We provide an explanation for this phenomenon. Those who attend institutions of higher education will earn more income in the future and will pay more taxes. People whose children do not receive higher education, however, should agree to help pay the cost of such education, providing that taxes are sufficiently high to ensure an adequate redistribution in favor of their own children at some time in the future.
JEL classification : D 71; H 21; H 52     

Enrolment in Higher Education and Changes in Income Inequality

Using a cross‐section of countries, this paper empirically examines whether greater enrolment rates in higher education are associated with increases or decreases in subsequent income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient. It finds a negative association between the two, suggesting that countries with larger enrolment rates saw their income inequality decrease relative to other countries. These findings are robust to the inclusion of several control variables and to limiting the sample to non‐OECD countries.     

高等教育的变化与财政对策

公共财政已由“主要来源”变为“补助性质”,使高等教育产生财政危机。应在增加财政投资的同时,采取成本补偿、金融补偿,规范国有资产,鼓励企业赞助或个人办学,加大助学贷款与发放教育债券等措施,最终解决这一财政危机。