网络层防毒--防毒技术的新变革

蠕虫是病毒迈入网络时代的新产物，与网络技术的结合使得这种病毒在传播技术和行为模式上都发生了巨大的变革。与传统的病毒不同，蠕虫是一种非常独立的病毒，复制、传播和攻击整个过程具有主动性，不需要任何人为的干预。它采用网络协议来进行繁殖和传播，如TCP，UDP，FTP和电子邮件协议族等；它的主要攻击对象不再是操作系统或者存在于系统中的特定文件，     

盖特纳财技之美

这个问题,不太好说。电话那头,马向伍想婉拒记者的约访,因为财政人有自己的考虑,新闻界有自己的要求。这个不好说的问题,即财政的宣传,财政的说法儿。事实上,跨界人士马向伍既曾任     

UTM实现统一高效的网络安全防护

随着企业信息化水准的大幅提高,计算机网络系统变得越来越复杂,面对的攻击也呈现多样化。当前,混合攻击正日趋增强,已成为主流攻击手段。混合攻击是指在同一次攻击过程中,既包含病毒攻击,也包含DoS（拒绝服务攻击）、口令攻击、路由攻击等多种攻击方式,对网络实施多方位的攻击和破坏。为了更有效地抵御混合攻击,整合了防火墙、入侵检测、入侵防御等安全策略的UTM（Unified Threat Management,统一威胁管理）设备应运而生了。     

The economic costs and benefits of UK defence exports

This study examines the economic costs and benefits to the UK of a 50 per cent cut in UK defence exports from the average level of 1998 and 1999. The net impact on the government budget is estimated to be an ongoing loss of between around £40 million and £100 million a year: around 0.2–0.4 per cent of the total UK defence budget. In addition, there is estimated to be a one‐off net adjustment cost, spread over five years, of between £0.9 billion and £1.4 billion. A further more speculative adjustment cost (estimated at around £1.1 billion) could result if the loss of income associated with the ‘terms‐of‐trade£ effect were also included. In terms of the wider debate about defence exports, the results of this study suggest first that the economic effects of the reduction in defence exports are relatively small and largely one‐off, and secondly that the balance of arguments about UK defence exports should be determined mainly by non‐economic factors.     

New Swedish mortality table for annuity insurance

Abstract

The processive lowering of the general death rate during a considerable time past, which in spite of a temporary check such as the Spanish Flu epidemic of the years 1918–1920 is yet plainly evident, is a phenomenon of great significance for life insurance in general, and especially for life annuity insurance. Attention has been devoted to this trend by insurance men, and attempts have been made in several quarters to design mortality tables that could be regarded as affording ample security for the latter type of insurance. (Reference may in this connection be made to articles in ?Skandinavisk Aktuarietidskrift?, XII, p. 239 and XV, p. 45.)     

Cross-sectional analysis of Swedish stock returns with time-varying beta: the Swedish stock market 1983–96

This paper analyses the ability of beta and other factors, like firm size and book-to-market, to explain cross‐sectional variation in average stock returns on the Swedish stock market for the period 1983–96. We use a bivariate GARCH(1,1) process to estimate time-varying betas for asset returns. The estimated variances of these betas, derived from a Taylor series approximation, are used for correcting errors in variables. An extreme bound analysis is utilized for testing the sensitivity of the estimated coefficients to changes in the set of included explanatory variables.
Our results show that the estimated conditional beta is a more accurate measure of the true market beta than the beta estimated by OLS. The coefficient for beta is not significantly different from zero, while the variables book-to-market and leverage have significant coefficients, and the latter coefficients are also robust to model specification. Excluding the down turn 1990–92 from the sample shows that the significance of the risk premium for leverage might be considered as an industry effect during this extreme period. Finally, we find a close dependence between the risk premium for beta and that for size and book-to-market. The omission of each of these variables may cause statistical bias in the estimated coefficient for beta.     

紫金自助设备智能安全防护方案简介

银行自助设备作为一种最为活跃的交易平台和支付渠道,在金融交易中发挥着越来越重要的作用。自助设备运行环境中包含诸多敏感数据,设备安全性及监控管理日益成为行业关注的课题。紫金公司在安全领域进行了深入和系统的研究,     

Rhetoric, argument and impression management in hostile takeover defence documents

This exploratory study extends the analysis of narrative disclosures from routine reporting contexts such as annual reports and press releases to non-routine takeover documents where the financial consequences of narrative disclosures can be substantial. Rhetoric and argument in the form of impression management techniques in narrative disclosures are examined. Prior thematic content analysis methods for analysing good and bad news disclosures are adapted to the attacking and defensive themes in the defence documents of target companies subject to hostile takeover bids. The paper examines the incidence, extent and implications of impression management in ten hostile takeover defence documents issued by target companies listed on the London Stock Exchange between 1 January 2006 and 30 June 2008. Three impression management strategies – thematic, visual and rhetorical manipulation – are investigated using content analysis methodologies. The findings of the research indicate that thematic, visual and rhetorical manipulation is evident in hostile takeover defence documents. Attacking and defensive sentences were found to comprise the majority of the defence documents analysed. Such sentences exhibited varying degrees of visual and rhetorical emphasis, which served to award greater or lesser degrees of prominence to the information conveyed by target company management.While exploratory in nature, this paper concludes with suggestions for future more systematic research allowing for greater generalisations from the findings.     

金融理财策划研究

改革开放以来，随着我国分配格局的重大调整和国民收入水平的快速提高，居民家庭的财产数量日益增加，理财意识逐步增强，金融理财业务受到追捧，并逐渐成为商业银行市场竞争的新焦点。竞争推动创新，国内金融理财服务也在竞争中得到了快速发展，并逐渐呈现出以下趋势：     

Integrated 1000-year planning

This paper develops the concept of integrated 1000-year planning. The products of 1000-year planning, referred to as 1000-year plans, are intended to deal with issues on a global scale and address the survival of humanity and the protection of the earth’s environment. One thousand years is an appropriate global planning horizon because it is long enough to unmask big picture problems that appear to be invisible to today’s societies. Furthermore, this time horizon encourages the perspective that over the long-term, many problems that seem unsolvable today, and therefore receive little attention and few resources, can indeed be overcome. Topics of 1000-year plans are numerous and include: energy, land use, carbon management, oceans, biodiversity, nuclear and hazardous waste, water, human settlements, near-earth objects, and space exploration. The argument is made that responsibilities for action by current generations to benefit future generations be based on risk assessments and risk thresholds. In the near-term, 1000-year planning must be driven by an international grassroots coalition of scientists, policy analysts, environmentalists, planners, and concerned citizens.     

The Evolution and Development of the Swedish Insurance Market

In this paper we provide an overview of the historical development of the insurance market in Sweden from the eighteenth century up to modern times. We consider theoretical perspectives drawn from the economics and political regulation literature that might help to explain important institutional features of the market - in particular, its oligopoly structure, the lack of foreign participation and the significant presence of mutual forms of organisation. We also offer a prognosis as to the current challenges and prospects of the Swedish insurance market in an increasingly competitive and global market.     

Disclosure in the Corporate Annual Reports of Swedish Companies

Sweden is of interest because of the rapid growth in the Stockholm stock exchange and because of the country's disproportionate number of multinational enterprises. This paper reports on the extent of disclosure in the corporate annual reports of Swedish companies. An assessment is made as to whether there is a significant association between a number of independent variables and the extent of disclosure.     

The greening of Swedish energy policy: A critique

This article discusses Swedish energy policy over the period 1973–1992 with a focus on its current energy objectives. Bans on energy sources are assessed as one of the challenges faced by Sweden in the 1990s. We raise questions about the future consequences of such draconian approaches to energy policy that inhibit societal learning. Bans on any fuel source only serve to handicap the economy and lead to a less flexible and more inefficient energy supply at a greater than necessary cost. With the Swedish economy on the verge of becoming more integrated with the rest of Europe, it is imperative to view its comparative advantage in electricity as the basis for its energy policy rather than the individual fuels that generate that electricity. Our goal has been to synthesize components among existing energy objectives to suggest logical implications for the future.     

Tax planning, regulatory capital planning, and financial reporting strategy for commercial banks

We test whether banks' investment and financing policies canbe explained by tax status. We document changes in bank holdingsof municipal bonds in response to changes in tax rules relatingto deductibility of interest expense. We also document an associationbetween banks' marginal tax rates and their investment and financingdecisions, which is consistent with the existence of tax clienteles.However, banks do not sort themselves perfectly into investmentand financing clienteles because of adjustment costs. We positspecific types of transaction-cost impediments to tax planning,and document that banks apparently trade off these costs againsttax-planning benefits.     

Adaptive planning and uncertainty resolution

The article discusses uncertainty resolution and the approaches to uncertainty in planning. Statically perceived uncertainty may be described more or less explicitly in decision making. Stating various possible outcomes and, possibly, their numerical probabilities may allow quantitative theory to be applied. However, there will be a residual of genuine uncertainty due to the limits set by the available information. By “buying” more information the decision maker can decrease the genuine uncertainty. It is also often possible to reduce uncertainty by waiting. The most effective way is to state the expectations explicitly and to let the various future states of information correspond to alternative decisions in a conditional strategy. This requires a new kind of forecast that refers to the development of information available. A less efficient mode of planning can still take into consideration the fact that revisions are expected. This is flexible planning in a wide sense.     

Improving decision-making with scenario planning

Decision makers struggle with four important contributors to decision failure, namely, 1) bounded rationality, 2) a tendency to consider only external variables, 3) the stickiness and friction of information and knowledge, and 4) mental models that include decision premises or policies. Whether independent or combined, these decision problems can form the ultimate in decision error—folly. The four problems in decision-making are reviewed in detail and scenario planning is posited as a tool for preventing the impact of each, ultimately with an aim of avoiding folly.     

Retirement planning and long-term risk

Many defined contribution plan participants have available to them various measures of short-term risk. However, some of these participants don't understand that reducing short-term risk comes at the cost of increasing the risk of not reaching their retirement income goal. This article looks at the relationship between short- and long-term risk and their impact on retirement savings.