The distribution of Seigniorage in The Netherlands

Summary This paper investigates the revenue from money and its distribution between the government and the central bank. An accounting framework is developed taking explicit account of stock and flow aspects of monetary revenue. Application of this framework to data for The Netherlands shows that although the overall revenue from money in the period 1949–1989 was sizeable, the central government did not really benefit from its monetary monopoly.Helpful comments by M.M.G. Fase and two anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged.     

Inflation and the wage lag during the American Civil War

This paper examines the role of inflation in financing the American Civil War, and the effects of that inflation on the level of real wages in the North. A wage determination model is specified in which the equilibrium real wage is determined by real forces and the money wage is allowed to adjust to its equilibrium value with lags. Econometric estimates of the model support Wesley Clair Mitchell's contention that wage movements lagged price movements during the war. Comparison of the estimated equilibrium money wage and the estimated current money wage makes it possible to assess the magnitude and importance of the wartime redistribution of income attributable to inflation.     

Poverty and Inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina After the Civil War

By taking advantage of new data we provide the first overview on poverty and inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war. We use a household survey commissioned by the World Bank which, despite limitations, helps shed some light on poverty risk and distribution of income in the country with respect to three issues: regional variation, ethnic differences, and household characteristics. We find large contrasts between the two entities in the country, the Federation and Republika Srpska. Ethnic cleansing may have exacerbated the differences among regions, as those poor ethnic minorities with the lowest opportunity cost migrated to regions where they were the ethnic majority. Remittances appear to play a role in ameliorating poverty. Inaddition, there are some signs that education may be a factor in preventing poverty.     

中央银行铸币税的测算

如何测算中央银行铸币税是一个重要问题,但由于关注的侧重点不同,文献中使用了不同的测算方式,还没有文献对这些测算方式给予详细说明.区别于其他文献,本文首先对中央银行铸币税给出理论界定,详细地讨论可兑换货币和不可兑换货币两种情形下中央银行铸币税的测算;在此基础上详细讨论文献中使用的机会成本铸币税、货币铸币税、通货膨胀税在测算中央银行铸币税时的适用范围,并说明了中央银行铸币税和中央银行利润的关系.     

关于国际铸币税收益的再探讨

铸币税是一个国家的中央银行凭借着发行货币的权利而得到的一种类似于税收的收益,而国际铸币税则是一个国家凭借着本国货币的国际储备货币地位所获得一种类似于国内铸币税收益。国际铸币税收益有流量和存量之分,美国凭借着美元的主要国际储备货币地位获得了巨额的国际铸币税收益。但是,国际铸币税在性质上是一种债务,一旦美国经济地位下降,美国将返还以前的国际铸币税收益,从而有可能对持有美元的国家造成重大损失,也可能对美国经济带来严重的不利影响。     

Turning Points in the Chinese Civil War: A Financial Market Perspective

This paper provides a quantitative assessment of contemporary beliefs about ‘turning points’ that shaped the outcome of the Chinese Civil War (1946–49). We employ an endogenous structural break method relying on a novel data set to exploit breakpoints in the daily price quotes of Chinese sovereign bonds traded on the London market. As late as spring 1947, the London market evidently believed there was a reasonable chance of either the Kuomintang Party winning the war or alternatively achieving a peace agreement. The timing of our major breakpoints generally correspond with the dates of well-known events deemed as important turning points. Caveats exist, however. In particular, some events – for example the Liu-Deng expedition – stand out where we observe stark contrasts between the perceptions held by contemporaries and historians.     

Turning Points in the U.S. Civil War: Views from the Grayback Market

This article introduces a new high-frequency time series of Confederate money prices taken from the newspapers of Richmond and leading cities in the Eastern Confederacy. The new grayback series is tested for turning points. The empirical analysis suggests that turning points in the Confederate grayback market were different from those identified in the Northern greenback market by Willard, Guinnane, and Rosen (1996). It appears that war did not always have symmetric effects on Northern and Southern money prices. Financial and commercial matters fluctuate under the successes and reverses of the war like ebb and tide, and it is not to be wondered that under the great military events that are now transpiring [Gettysburg], there should be a suspension of operations in [gold] trade. (Richmond Examiner July 9. 1863. p. 1)     

中央银行票据、公债管理和铸币税

本文以寻求中央银行票据的替代品为切入点,重点探讨中央银行货币管理、短期公债管理和中央银行票据的债务管理之间的关系以及由此所产生的铸币税问题。研究表明,现阶段中国中央银行通过介入政府短期公债市场来干预本币汇率不具备现实性。本文探讨了替代中央银行票据的其他政策工具的利弊问题,总结了在完全对冲和不完全对冲外汇储备方式下政府铸币税收入的变化情况。     

美元国际铸币税为美国带来的收益和风险分析

1944年召开的布雷顿森林会议确立了美元在国际货币体系中的中心地位.20世纪70年代布雷顿森林体系崩溃之后,美元在国际货币制度中的地位虽然有所下降,也先后受到了日元和欧洲货币的一定程度的挑战,但由于其他货币尚不具备取代美元的实力,美元仍然是全球经贸活动中最为重要的货币.根据国际金融统计(IFS)的数据,截至2003年年底,美元在全球外汇储备、外贸结算、外汇交易结算中所占比重分别为63.8%、48%、83%.美元作为国际货币对国际贸易的稳步发展、国际金融市场的运行和稳定起到了极其重要的作用;同时美国也从美元的国际地位中获益颇多,如美国可以获得国际铸币税及其他间接收益.不过,美国也承担了铸币税逆转风险等潜在的风险,其国内经济更容易受到国际资本流动的影响.本文将国际铸币税收入划分为三个层次,估算美元作为国际货币的收益,并分析美国为维持美元的国际货币地位所承担的风险,为人民币今后逐步走向国际化提供有益的参考和借鉴.     

利率变动对国际铸币税的影响

国际储备货币的一个重要收益是货币主权国家将会获得相当规模的国际铸币税,而国际铸币税受到众多因素的影响。文章利用费雪方程式和非抛补利率平价理论构建模型,基于储备货币主权国的角度从定性到定量分析了利率水平对于一国国际铸币税的影响。实证结果表明:一国利率水平对该国未来国际铸币税的规模起到负向的影响作用,当期利率的提高会导致下一期国际铸币税的减少,反之亦然。这一结论对于刚刚加入SDR一篮子货币,同时正在进行利率市场化改革的中国来说有着重要的启示,中国只有继续推动人民币国际化并维持利率稳定才有可能更好地享受国际铸币税收益。     

Advancing heritage tourism in the central Karoo: The South African War Battlefields Route

ABSTRACT

Tourism and tourism development have the potential to make a positive impact on a region’s economic development and sustainability. In this sense, the central Karoo has a great deal to offer heritage tourists. As there are numerous battlefield sites associated with the South African War (1899–1902) (previously the Anglo-Boer War) the central Karoo offers a unique development opportunity to demarcate a designated battlefield route dedicated to the war. This study investigated the potential for the development of the proposed route by involving potential stakeholders (specifically product owners and government officials) on the route. The study was qualitative, and 33 interviews were conducted. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The main findings indicate a need for the development of the route and the establishment of a South African War Battlefields Route Destination Marketing Organisation (DMO).