京津沪资本存量估算与经济增长因素比较研究

利用1952年～2002年的年度统计数据，本文估算了京、津、沪三地历年的物质资本存量和人力资本存量，在此基础上通过总量生产函数对各要素的产出弹性进行估计。着重考察了物质资本、人力资本对经济增长的贡献，并对京、津、沪的要素贡献率比重进行了比较。     

我国人力资本和物质资本对经济增长影响的实证分析

经济增长是一个复杂的社会现象，影响因素很多。随着科技的发展和生产力的提高，人力资本对经济增长的作用越来越大，物质资本对我国经济增长的贡献仍然不可替代。现阶段我国经济发展过程中，要进一步提高物质资本的利用率，加大对人力资本的研究及开发。     

文化资本

时至今日，一些少数民族的群体社会的“非我族类行为”已经造成了好多社会文化事物。在米达尔关于美国种族关系的观点发表之后大约60年、以及大约在仇白种族主义出现半个世纪后，美国及其他国家的社会生活仍具有明显的非我族类行为的种族和文化层次的特征，许多经     

区域文化资本存量评价及其对经济增长的影响研究——以陕西省为例

区域文化资本对区域经济社会发展有全方位的、持久的影响。在对区域文化资本进行概念界定的基础上构建包含文化遗产、文化设施、文化创新能力、文化消费实践四个维度的文化资本存量评价指标体系,利用CRITIC-TOPSIS模型和聚类分析法对陕西省201 4—201 8年区域文化资本存量进行实证分析。结果显示：陕西省文化资本存量不均衡,存在严重的“两极分化”现象;区域间文化资本存量差异化逐年增大;区域文化资本存量对经济增长存在显著的影响。基于此,从文化资本视角提出利用数字化技术保护文化遗产、建设地方特色的文化设施、刺激文化消费、推动文化科技融合等措施,以推进各区域文化资本存量优化及经济均衡发展。     

资本形成、内生技术进步与中国经济持续增长——基于资本产出比视角的实证研究

本文利用资本产出比这一指标衡量经济增长的质量和效率,并对影响资本产出比的因素进行探讨。利用中国的经验数据进行实证检验的结果表明,内生增长模型比新古典模型更适用于解释中国经济的持续增长。投资率在中国经济转轨的两个阶段起着不同的作用,长期来看,投资率的变化不会影响中国的资本产出比,FDI的增长提高了资本产出比,而人力资本的增长有助于促进资本产出比的下降,从而得出了:维持中国经济增长可持续性的源泉在于人力资本和自主创新的内生技术力量的结论。     

财富不平等为何是低估的

经济学家在讨论不平等问题的时候通常以收入或物质财富作为衡量指标，略去人们在健康方面的差异。另一方面经济学家又指出一个人拥有的资本有三项，一项为物质资本，一项为以教育表征的人力资本，一项为健康资本。健康作为财富的重要方面早为广大百姓所认同，记得有一个广告说：健康是“1”，其余的诸如金钱、荣誉、地位……都是后面的“0”。     

虚拟资本与“资本三要素”的哲学思辨——兼论波普“世界3”哲学在经济学中的映射

在当代企业的资本范畴中实际上已经形成了以实体资本为一方的"硬资本"和以虚拟资本为另一方的"软资本"两大部分,而这两大部分是建立在"资本三要素"基础上的.从科学方法论来看,笔者认为卡尔·波普"世界3"的哲学观点,为我们理解物质资本、人力资本与智力资本概念的分界及其虚拟资本的内涵提供了一个独特的视角.由物质资本、人力资本、智力资本"资本三要素"的基础概念,我们可以推解出一系列新的资本概念和形态,从中辨别虚拟资本与实体资本的构架与层次,并直观地厘清它们的边界与关系.以利于更好地理解虚拟资本与实体资本的特性和功能.     

论人力资本与智力资本的"虚拟资本"性质

本文认为人力资本、智力资本理论的产生,本质上是提出了"虚拟资本"问题,是对这些过去被看作是费用或成本的东西进行"资本化定价".在当代企业的资本范畴中实际上已经形成了以实体资本为一方的"硬资本"和以虚拟资本为另一方的"软资本"两大部份,而这两大部份是建立在"资本三要素"--物质资本、人力资本、智力资本基础上的.由"资本三要素"的基础概念,我们可以推解出一系列新的资本概念和形态,从中我们可以较清晰地辨别虚拟资本与实体资本的构架与层次,并可直观地厘清它们的边界与关系,这有利于我们更好地理解人力资本与智力资本的特性和功能.     

Cultural globalisation, institutional diversity and the unequal accumulation of intellectual capital

National economies used to be characterised by cultural standardisationand social protection. Globalisation pushes cultural standardisationbeyond the boundaries of national states and induces a globaldilution of the standards of social protection. At the sametime, if national economies specialise according to their comparativeinstitutional advantage, global economic integration may helppromote institutional diversity and variety in welfare policies.However, the institution of a global system of intellectualproperty rights may seriously limit the ‘biodiversity’of capitalism and imply a global revenge of a new internationalform of Taylorism. The overall result may be a very unequalaccumulation of intellectual capital. Paradoxically, the modernglobal economy may end up sharing some aspects of the agrariansocieties that have been displaced by modern nation states.     

Cultural determinants of human capital accumulation: Evidence from the European Social Survey

Although economists commonly view the accumulation of human capital as a key driver of economic development, what drives cross-country differences in human capital accumulation remains poorly understood. I use an epidemiological approach involving second-generation migrants to test for a possible cultural gradient in individuals’ propensity towards human capital accumulation. Results indicate a strong relationship between country-of-origin culture and human capital accumulation and are robust to using years of education instead of individuals’ engagement in human capital accumulation as the dependent variable. Drawing on dimensions of cultural differences identified in culture frameworks developed by cross-cultural researchers, results further suggest that cultural emphasis on intellectual autonomy helps explain part of the observed differences in human capital accumulation. However, further work is needed to complete our understanding of the cultural roots of individuals’ propensity towards human capital accumulation.     

Risky human capital and deferred capital income taxation

We study the structure of optimal wedges and capital taxes in a dynamic Mirrlees economy with endogenous distribution of skills. Human capital is a private, stochastic state variable that drives the skill process of each individual. Building on the findings of the labor literature, we construct a tractable life-cycle model of human capital evolution with risky investment and stochastic depreciation. In this setting, we demonstrate the optimality of (a) a human capital premium, i.e., an excess return on human capital relative to physical capital, (b) a large intertemporal wedge early in the life-cycle, and (c) a non-zero intratemporal wedge even at the top of the skill distribution at all dates except the last date in the life-cycle. The main implication for the structure of optimal linear capital taxes is the necessity of deferred taxation of physical capital. The average marginal tax rate on physical capital held in every period is zero in present value. However, expected capital tax payments do not equal zero in every period. Necessarily, agents face negative expected capital tax payments early in the life-cycle and positive expected capital tax payments late in the life-cycle.     

Factor-biased public capital and private capital crowding out

This paper studies the dynamic effects of public investment on private capital accumulation in a general equilibrium macroeconomic model of a small open economy with factor-biased public capital. I show that public investment induces rather complex private capital dynamics—falling in the short and in the long run, but potentially increasing along transition—if public capital augments private capital and private inputs are gross complements in production. Whether private investment is crowded in or out during transition critically depends on parameters that are empirically hard to measure, such as the labor supply elasticity and the elasticity of substitution between private inputs—a small increase in the latter from 0.5 to 0.6, for instance, turns a totally negative transitional effect into a predominantly positive one. These results help rationalize the lack of empirical consensus on the relationship between public and private investment.     

Human capital theory and social capital theory on sports management

This paper analyzes sports managers' earnings and blends traditional aspects of management derived from human capital theory with new aspects derived from social capital theory. It captures the integrative and relational aspects of sports management. In 2000, the authors carried out a questionnaire in the Madeira Island. Data about the amateur sports managers were then taken from it. Results obtained verify that sports managers' earnings are function of both types of theoretical determinants posited by the human capital theory and the social capital theory. The authors conclude that both issues are determinants of sports managers' earnings.     

Identifying critical natural capital: Conclusions about critical natural capital

This paper summarises the main results of the CRITINC project and briefly describes the case studies in which the CRITINC methodology was applied. These related to air quality, river systems, forests, urban areas, coastal wetlands and agricultural and water resources. The paper concludes that the methodology provides a way of systematically considering different uses of and impacts on the environment, with a view to evaluating whether environmental functions are being used sustainably and the extent of any sustainability gap, identifying the source of environmental pressures, and monitoring whether policies aimed at environmental improvement are being effective.     

Value and capital: Austrian capital theory,retrospect and Prospect

The time is right for a reexamination of Austrian capital-theory. We attempt to capture the essence of Carl Menger’s approach to capital, highlighting the important distinction between goods and the valuable services they yield (implying that goods are valuable only because they yield valuable services) and highlighting also the importance of money in facilitating exchange and production and in providing the means to value them. We look at the capital-theory of Böhm-Bawerk and suggest that, in many respects, this was a wrong turn, although it did set in motion valuable efforts to clarify the importance of the heterogeneity of productive-resources and their growing complexity over time. We examine the production-function, micro and macro, and show that it is logically untenable and useless as an instrument for empirical investigation, and that this has been known for decades. Of the Austrians after Menger, only Mises followed Irving Fisher in focusing on valuation. He did so in the context of explaining the importance of calculation. Mises’s approach to capital has been insufficiently understood and appreciated. By way of conclusion we draw from our considerations to provide a research agenda in Austrian capital theory.     

Endogenous capital market imperfections,human capital,and intergenerational mobility

In this paper, capital market imperfections are endogenized considering an adverse selection problem between banks and borrowers. We develop a growth model with linear OLG wealth dynamics, where agents are heterogeneous in terms of observable wealth and ability, which is private information. We show that banks react to this informational asymmetry by granting higher loans to talented borrowers. This, in turn, helps poor and talented agents to become educated and catch up with the rich agents. Furthermore, the credit market friction leads to greater human capital accumulation.     

Endogenous capital market imperfections, human capital, and intergenerational mobility

In this paper, capital market imperfections are endogenized considering an adverse selection problem between banks and borrowers. We develop a growth model with linear OLG wealth dynamics, where agents are heterogeneous in terms of observable wealth and ability, which is private information. We show that banks react to this informational asymmetry by granting higher loans to talented borrowers. This, in turn, helps poor and talented agents to become educated and catch up with the rich agents. Furthermore, the credit market friction leads to greater human capital accumulation.