资产价格与货币政策关系的理论探讨

资产价格明显地偏离实体经济的涨跌趋势,对货币政策提出了诸多挑战,使我们不得不关注资产价格和货币政策之间的关系.本文通过对资产价格与通货膨胀的理论探讨进而初步厘清资产价格与货币政策的关系,并认为现阶段资产价格与货币政策关系缺乏统一的解释,中央银行还不能将资产价格列入它调控的范围内,但可用做货币政策制定时的参考信息.同时,提出这一领域中仍需进一步研究的问题.     

对本轮宏观经济波动的理性思考

这轮宏观经济波动应该从2007年算起。2007年初首先是资产价格(包括股价和房价)大涨,紧接着在后半年又是CPI和PPI的大涨,通货膨胀在中国首次表现为资产价格、消费品价格和投资品价格的轮番上升,因而我们在2007年后半年开始了旨在实现双防(防通货膨胀和防经济过热)的从紧性货币政策。从紧性货币政策的实施,在2008年初首先出现资产价格的回落,     

本轮宏观经济波动的理性思考

本轮宏观经济波动在2007年首先是资产价格(包括股价和房价)大涨,紧接着又是CPI和PPI的大涨,通货膨胀在中国首次表现为资产价格、消费品价格和投资品价格的轮番上升,在2007年后半年开始了旨在实现防通货膨胀和防经济过热的从紧性货币政策,后中央将政策变为保经济增长和压通货膨胀,使企业感到资金紧张,任何企业的资本金与债务资金都要有一个适当的比例,否则将会受到因资金链断裂而走向破产。股市在本轮也受到了影响,经历了大起大落。因此建议应该推进混合经济体制,使国家经关现良性增长。     

资产价格波动对我国通货膨胀及宏观经济的影响——基于SVAR视角的货币政策调控

通过构建十变量的大型结构向量回归模型(SVAR),分析了资产价格对通货膨胀和产出水平的影响以及货币政策的反应,结果发现:资产价格对通货膨胀的冲击影响呈现倒"U"形,冲击峰值为约0.4个单位标准差,比对经济增长的影响更大,多出约0.1个单位标准差;货币政策对于资产价格的反应具有非对称性,在短期内表现出逆周期特征,而从长期看则为顺周期特征;资产价格包含了丰富的未来经济运行信息,可用来构造金融形势指数(FCI),并作为货币政策调控的辅助参考目标。     

与有弹性钉住通货膨胀相一致的货币政策规则

在与有弹性钉住通货膨胀相一致的货币政策动态优化问题中，本文将货币政策工具对不同目标变量影响的时滞引入损失函数，并分别在确定性等价条件下，以及模型参数不确定性条件下给出了最优的利率反应函数，进而讨论了模型参数以及模型参数不确定性对最优利率反应函数的影响。     

货币政策与宏观审慎政策的关系研究

正在经济全球化和金融自由化的背景下,传统中使用CPI作为衡量社会整体价格水平,其准确性有所下降,且在经济周期中变化也相对滞后。而且,总需求的扩张也并不首先反映在通胀上,而是反映在信贷规模和资产价格上;且通货膨胀目标制下的货币政策是的工资、价格黏性变大,只是推迟了并聚集了通胀的压力。所以通货目标制下的货币政策会加剧金融稳定和物价稳定两种目标之间的冲突。因此新时期应当打破传统的货币政策机制,将宏观审慎政策纳入到货币政策的框架之中,     

基于通货中性的货币政策研究--货币政策的粘性均衡通货膨胀效应模型及其实证检验分析

本文试图在整个宏观经济框架下找到具有微观基础的，能够对产品市场产生冲击的货币政策起点，然后再找到货币政策相对起点的偏离对产品市场影响的深远程度，即对价格的冲击水平和价格的粘性周期。首先本文以凯恩斯(Keynes)和希克斯(Hicks)的经典理论为宏观经济框架，以厂商利润最大化为微观经济基础，以严格的数学推导为逻辑纽带，以价格粘性为指导，提出并建立了货币政策的粘性均衡通货膨胀效应模型。模型可预期未来下一期的通货膨胀，可确定均衡价格粘性周期，是一个通用的国家模型。然后本文建立了它的中国模型，并对中国模型进行了实证检验分析。     

再论资产价格应成为货币政策目标吗？

伴随着金融危机发生、发展,全球资产价格出现了大幅波动,在此之前美联储主席伯南科的观点“资产价格不应成为货币政策目标”受到的质疑也越来越多,在全球化的今天,在社会财富大量积累、聚集,中国人也越来越多的拥有自己资产的情况下,当局货币政策应如何应对,以保证资产的平稳及价格的稳定具有重大意义。     

可持续增长模型假设条件之修正

可持续增长模型建立在一系列假设的基础之上,使得模型的应用范围受到限制。本文拟对该模型的假设条件逐一进行修正,修正后的模型考虑了资产、负债的细分以及净利润的构成情况,同时考虑了通货膨胀的影响,从而提高了模型的准确性。     

理性预期机制下资产价格波动对通货膨胀预期的动态影响

在分析通货膨胀预期理性预期形成机制的基础上,利用Calvo(1980)的交错契约模型,通过建立动态分布滞后模型,证明我国通货膨是基于理性预期和混合式新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线的最终决定方程,既有前瞻性又有后顾性是我国通货膨胀预期的重要特点。我国通货膨胀的与资产价格密切相关,资产价格上涨能引起通货膨胀预期上升,包括产出、消费、投资和资产价格波动预期等会影响通货膨胀预期,最后给出相应通胀预期管理的对策建议。     

News on inflation and the epidemiology of inflation expectations in China

Inflation expectations are important elements in monetary policy analysis. This paper examines how inflation expectations of Chinese consumers and professional forecasters are affected by media sentiments based on the epidemiological foundations of the sticky information model. Rather than assuming professional forecasts are identical to newspaper forecasts, we assume news media are a common source for the transmission of typical people's inflation expectations. We collect media data from 30 leading newspapers and magazines in China and code news reports into three types of inflation: rising, falling, and unchanged. More importantly, we categorize the media pool into comprehensive, economic, and politically oriented media sources. We find a fundamental connection between news media and inflation expectations. However, there are significantly different impacts of news reports in different media sources on expectations. The difference is mainly concentrated in politically oriented media sources, and may be a reflection of China's unique media administration system.     

Inflation and Growth: Stories Short and Tall

This paper reviews the stories that economists tell about the growth effects of inflation. Informal accounts are common, but there are few models that get to grips with the effects that are probably central. Partly as a result of this, and partly as a result of many econometric problems, much of the empirical evidence remains unconvincing. The paper assesses the various contributions, and suggests possible improvements.     

Indexed versus nominal government debt under inflation and price-level targeting

This paper presents a DSGE model in which long run inflation risk matters for social welfare. Optimal indexation of long-term government debt is studied under two monetary policy regimes: inflation targeting (IT) and price-level targeting (PT). Under IT, full indexation is optimal because long run inflation risk is substantial due to base-level drift, making indexed bonds a better store of value than nominal bonds. Under PT, where long run inflation risk is largely eliminated, optimal indexation is substantially lower because nominal bonds become a relatively better store of value. These results are robust to the PT target horizon, imperfect credibility of PT and model calibration, but the assumption that indexation is lagged is crucial. A key finding from a policy perspective is that indexation has implications for welfare comparisons of IT and PT.     

Context effects in inflation surveys: The influence of additional information and prior questions

Context effects are known to affect responses to surveys. We report effects of information and task contexts in surveys of inflation expectations. Information context refers to contextual information about earlier inflation rates or other economic indicators. Task context refers to judgement tasks performed prior to the inflation judgement task under consideration. In three experiments, we show that contextual information improves judgement accuracy. As this information is given in expert, but not in lay surveys, its provision may partly explain why expert judgements are superior to those of lay people. In both expert and lay surveys, respondents make inflation judgements in the context of already having made other inflation judgements. We show that when different groups of people make inflation judgements either for the current or for the upcoming year, their judgements do not differ. However, when the same people make judgements for both the current and the upcoming years, the latter are significantly higher than the former, perhaps because people expect inflation to increase over time.     

The financial content of inflation risks in the euro area

Recent studies have emphasized that survey-based inflation risk measures are informative about future inflation, and thus are useful for monetary authorities. However, these data are typically only available at a quarterly frequency, whereas monetary policy decisions require a more frequent monitoring of such risks. Using the ECB Survey of Professional Forecasters, we show that high-frequency financial market data have predictive power for the low-frequency survey-based inflation risk indicators observed at the end of a quarter. We rely on MIDAS regressions for handling the problem of mixing data with different frequencies that such an analysis implies. We also illustrate that upside and downside risks react differently to financial indicators.     

The implications of inflation in an estimated new Keynesian model

This paper studies the steady state and dynamic consequences of inflation in an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. It is found that 10 percentage points of inflation entail a steady state welfare cost as high as 13% of annual consumption. This large cost is mainly driven by staggered price contracts and price indexation. The transition from high to low inflation inflicts a welfare loss equivalent to 0.53% of annual consumption. The role of nominal/real frictions as well as that of parameter uncertainty is also addressed.     

Dependent and Accountable: Evidence from the Modern Theory of Central Banking

In this paper we take another look at the literature on central bank independence. We show that the representative-agent approach to monetary policy is seriously flawed and does not provide a sound basis for deriving institutional solutions to the inflationary-bias. We then argue that the political approach to monetary policy provides a better account of the inflationary-bias and that this has important implications for the set-up of institutional arrangements, like central-bank independence, and the role of contractual arrangements, like indexation. Central bank independence, if appropriately modeled, can fail to reduce inflationary pressures in plausible circumstances. We then identify some issues in the theory of central banking that have not been clearly resolved and we offer some intuition as to the way they could be studied. We conclude by showing some potentially worrisome implications for the future of the European Monetary Union.     

How can big data enhance the timeliness of official statistics?: The case of the U.S. consumer price index

The daily consumer price index (CPI) produced by the Billion Prices Project (BPP CPI) offers a glimpse of the direction taken by consumer price inflation in real time. This is in contrast to the official U.S. CPI, which is compiled monthly and released with an average of a three-week delay following the end of the reference month. A recent body of research contended that the movements of online prices are representative of those of offline retail prices, making the BPP CPI a natural candidate for accurately improving the timeliness of the official CPI. We assess the predictive content of the BPP CPI using a variety of MIDAS models that accommodate data sampled at different frequencies. These models generate estimates that remain robust to the variety of time periods considered and, by the standard of the existing literature, contribute to a significant upgrade in the forecast accuracy of official consumer price inflation figures. The paper then sketches the broad implications of BPP CPI for the consumer price statistics maintained by national statistics offices and discusses how the proposed improvement in the timeliness of the official CPI fits in this perspective.     

Optimal monetary policy under incomplete markets and aggregate uncertainty: A long-run perspective

This paper examines the role of monetary policy in an environment with aggregate risk and incomplete markets. In a two-period overlapping-generations model with aggregate uncertainty, optimal monetary policy attains the ex-ante Pareto optimal allocation. This policy aims to stabilize the savings rate in the economy by changing real returns of nominal bonds via variation in expected inflation. Optimal expected inflation is procylical and on average higher than without uncertainty. Simple inflation targeting rules closely approximate the optimal monetary policy.     

投资房地产可以对冲通货膨胀风险吗——以中国内地为例

本文基于费雪效应,考察了中国内地过去20余年间通货膨胀率与房地产收益率的同期关系、长期均衡关系,以及在不同收益率条件分布下二者的关系。结果表明,短期内投资房地产不能对冲通货膨胀,但从长期来看,投资房地产却是对冲通货膨胀的有效工具。然而在房地产收益率处于"极端"情形下,盲目投资房地产不但不会抵御通货膨胀风险,还会带来更大的损失。