统筹养老金征缴的新思路——析以企业利润为基数的统筹养老金征缴制度

社会统筹养老金的本质属性是互济性和公平性,以企业职工工资总额为计缴基数的征缴制度无法保证企业养老负担的均衡,不能体现统筹养老金的互济性和公平性.以企业利润为基数的征缴制度可以克服原有制度的缺陷,平滑不同企业间的养老负担,为企业市场竞争提供公平的环境,促进国民经济的发展.     

Drei Irrtümer über die gesetzliche Rente

In the public debate on old-age poverty in Germany there are three often-heard preconceptions about the statutory pension system: first, raising the legal retirement age to 67 automatically leads to lower pensions. Second, the average level of statutory pension is lower in Eastern Germany. Third, an expansion of the social contribution ceiling would improve the financial situation of the statutory pension system. In this study, we clarify and discuss these three preconceptions.     

我国企业养老金会计框架设计

研究企业养老金会计,可以较清晰地反映出企业养老金业务对企业的影响,有利于报表使用者更好地了解与养老金相关的会计信息。国外就此已形成了一套较为完整的会计理论与实务体系,我国至今尚未颁布这方面的会计准则。本文以企业为主体,结合我国企业养老金会计的现状并借鉴国外养老金会计准则的有关内容,探讨了我国养老金会计准则的构建。     

Das Rentenpaket 2014 — eine ökonomische Beurteilung

The 2014 pension reform has three main components. First disability pensions have been increased by about two earnings points, an average monthly gain of 40 euros. In addition low wages in the four years preceding disability-related retirement will now be disregarded. However, since these new rules only apply to retirement after July 2014 they fail to fight poverty among current disability-related retirees. Second an additional credit for all births before 1992 (“mothers’ pension”) is extremely costly and unnecessary. Poverty prevention is weak due to a strict income test in the welfare system for the elderly. Third early retirement at age 63 without actuarial adjustment has been reintroduced This is a costly measure with negative effects on both equality and efficiency. The additional child credit and early retirement provisions reduce the financial and social sustainability of the German public pension system.     

Institutional Investors on Boards: Does Their Behavior Influence Corporate Finance?

We examine whether the behavior of institutional investors representatives on boards leads to observable differences in corporate finance. We find that directors representing pressure-sensitive investors (i.e., banks and insurance companies) prefer lower financial leverage whereas pressure-resistant directors (i.e., mutual funds and pension funds) show no particular preference. When analyzed separately, directors appointed by banks and insurance firms have different attitudes. Bank representatives on boards increase both the financial leverage and the banking debt. This result suggests that some types of institutional directors provide financial resources to the firms on whose board they sit, supporting the view that boards manage the uncertainty associated with strategic decision making and provide firms with preferential access to resources and financial expertise. This research has interesting academic and policy implications for the debate over the proper degree of institutional involvement in corporate governance. Different institutional investors have different agendas and incentives for corporate governance, and, therefore, both researchers and policy makers should no longer consider institutional investors as a whole. In addition, our paper calls for new research on the causes and implications of institutional investor involvement in the corporate governance of nonfinancial firms. This new research could require new insights on the dynamics within the boards and on the interplay among the knowledge, incentives and attitudes of quite different directors.     

The Economic Inefficiency of Secrecy: Pension Fund Investors’ Corporate Transparency Concerns

In the wake of recent corporate scandals, this paper traces the growing power of pension funds to provide managerial oversight of the firms they hold in their investment portfolios. Increasingly pension funds are exercising their legitimate rights as owners to raise the corporate governance standards of the firms they invest in. Within corporate governance generally, pension funds are shifting their attention away from managerial accountability and toward measures that increase transparency in firm-level decision-making. Pension funds use transparency to ensure that shareholders are the primary interest being served by the firm. Transparency not only aligns managers and owners, it also raises issues of firm behaviour that allow other stakeholders to engage the corporation more broadly. I contend that secrecy is economically inefficient. When organizations are opaque and interests are secret, decision-making can and does distort efficiency. I examine recent pension fund corporate governance campaigns with particular reference to the California Public Employees Retirement System. Dr. Hebb is a senior research associate at the Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University and the Oxford University Centre for the Environment. She is researching the role of US public sector pension funds and urban revitalization as lead investigator on a two-year Rockefeller and Ford Foundation grant. Her doctoral work at Oxford University examined the impact of pension fund corporate engagement on the corporate governance, social and environmental standards of firm behaviour. She was a Clarendon Scholar at Oxford University and was awarded the prestigious William E. Taylor Fellowship (2003) from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, Government of Canada. Dr. Hebb is also a recipient of the York University Schulich School of Business National Research in Financial Services and Public Policy Scholarship (Canada). Dr. Hebb is also the Director of the Capital Strategies Program at the Carleton Centre for Community Innovation (3ci), Carleton University, Canada. Here her work focuses on the financial and non-financial impact of pension fund economically targeted investment in Canada as part of a three-year SSHRC Initiatives in the New Economy grant.     

British corporate networks, 1976–2010: Extending the study of finance–industry relationships

Abstract

Using an extensive and unique data set that has been created to record the composition of the boards of directors of the top 250 British firms between 1904 and 2010, this article builds upon a previous study by the authors on the corporate network to 1976 by extending the study to 2010. The analysis revolves around three key observations: the nature and depth of the corporate network; the distinct stages in corporate connectivity between 1976 and 2010; and the 1980s watershed in the relationship between financial and other sectors, following which financial institutions withdrew from the corporate network. The article concludes with an analysis of how the data set has changed our perceptions of British corporate networks, wider changes in British business, and a discussion of implications for future research.     

Saving for Retirement—A Case for Financial Education in Germany and UK? An Economic Perspective

Demographic changes, tight public budgets, and reduced generosity of occupational pension plans shift the responsibility for an adequate retirement provision towards the individual. Applying the theoretical perspectives of Behavioural Finance and New Institutionalism to the domain of retirement provision offers insights into the difficulties individuals are facing in planning for retirement, carrying out, and revising plans. Lacking financial literacy seems to lie at the heart of the problem and points to a possible solution: providing financial education to consumers through non-governmental organizations and state-related agencies. This article is examining which role consumer education and consumer advice can play to enhance financial literacy with regard to pensions and old-age provision. As two case studies Germany and the UK are compared because the institutional set-up of the pension systems and the approaches towards consumer policy are very different. The case studies show that financial education with regard to old-age provision can be successful if it reaches consumers in their environment at life-stages where important decisions need to be made. To achieve that considerable efforts have to be taken in terms of funding and organizational set-up. However, evaluation is necessary to prove the effectiveness of the education especially for vulnerable consumer groups. If evaluation reveals that these groups cannot be targeted effectively or that consumers are not taking action subsequently to attending financial education, there might be a case for changing behaviour through the institutional set-up of pension schemes (i.e., through automatic enrolment) and using financial education as a supportive policy instrument.

Independent Financial Advisers – Why They Remain the Strongest Distribution Route for Pensions

Despite financial services companies operating in multiple channels, the Independent Financial Advisers (IFAs) channel remains the most popular distribution route when it comes to pension sales. To understand how they compete and the nature of the strategic groups within this channel, this paper examines how IFAs perceive they add value to the decision making of consumers when purchasing pension products. The paper identifies four strategic groups of the IFA population (operating within the pensions market) based on the benefits they perceive they can add to their service to assist consumer decision making. Using cluster analysis within SPSS from a survey of 468 IFAs, four main groups emerge; these can be classified in terms of (1) analytical skills, (2) value for money, (3) reputation and (4) personalised service.     

论公司治理结构与会计信息控制

公司治理需要完善公司治理结构和内部控制 ,公司治理结构是内部控制的基础 ,财务会计控制是内部控制的核心 ,是公司治理的手段。通过财务、会计和审计信息网络平台 ,实现决策、激励和监督约束机制的有效运行 ,达到公司治理的目的 ,将财务会计控制纳入到公司治理的轨道上     

Comparing Big Givers and Small Givers: Financial Correlates of Corporate Philanthropy

In a departure from the traditional studies of corporate philanthropy that focus on board composition, advertising, and social networks, the authors investigate the financial correlates of corporate philanthropy. The research design controls for firm size and industry while observing firms from a variety of industries. The sample contains matched pairs of generous and less generous corporate givers. The authors find, as hypothesized, a positive relationship between a firm's cash resources available and cash donations, but no significant relationship between corporate philanthropy and firm financial performance, regardless of whether corporate philanthropy is measured as cash payouts or the aggregate contributions that charities actually receive, and regardless of whether financial performance is gauged using accounting measures or market measures. Whereas the link between available resources and corporate philanthropy is well accepted in the literature on corporate social responsibility, it has been rarely tested and never so definitively found as in this research.     

Raising the Mandatory Retirement Age and its Effect on Long‐run Income and Pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) Pensions

In this paper we study the effects of raising the mandatory retirement age in the neoclassical growth model context. It is shown that postponement of the retirement age may be harmful for long‐run income and even for pensions. Our findings show that the retirement age might be reduced, thereby obtaining a higher income and even higher pension benefits. This suggests that the idea that a higher mandatory age of retirement is always beneficial in the long run for income and pension payments is theoretically controversial.     

Wer ist von Altersarmut bedroht?

Which groups have particularly low pension entitlements and are therefore most at risk of poverty in old age? Participation in the labour force for some individuals may be interrupted for a variety of reasons, including education, unemployment, raising children or caring for relatives, all of which result in low pensions. Those who are most at risk of poverty in old age are individuals with low earnings, frequent or long periods of unemployment, and single, unemployed mothers. In other words, those impoverished while young are most likely to remain impoverished into old age. Poverty among the elderly should therefore be addressed with the same instruments with which poverty is being fought in earlier stages of life, rather than through changes in the statutory pension insurance system.     

企业年金与储蓄关系的实证分析

本文对费尔德斯坦的储蓄方程进行了修改，加入新的变量，即企业年金资产／GDP，并构建储蓄方程，运用7个OECD国家2000-2008年的宏观经济数据对企业年金对储蓄的影响进行实证研究。不同国家的时间序列数据的回归分析表明，企业年金资产对国民储蓄率的影响在各国的方向并不一致。相对于自愿性企业年金来说，强制性或准强制性企业年金对国民储蓄率有显著的影响，这是财富效应与替代效应叠加的结果。国际比较的回归分析结论进一步确认了企业年金对国民储蓄率的影响在国家间的差异性。     

中国基础养老金的支付能力研究

基于目前偏重《国发[2005]38号》基础养老金的激励效应分析而很少研究财务可持续性问题,本文运用精算理论,构建了衡量财务可持续程度的支付能力精算模型。结果表明,新政策实施后,养老金待遇提高了,但支付能力的下降幅度超过了25%,并出现支付能力不足。提高投资收益率、逐步延长退休年龄以及合理调整养老金替代率和增长率,是提高支付能力的重要办法。     

现代企业财务管理体制刍议

现代企业制度的主要特征是产权明晰,政企分开,责任明确,管理科学,这是现代企业制度的核心。按照市场经济和现代企业制度的要求,企业的内部财务管理体制应该是集权与分权的结合,这是由于企业内部多层次组织结构决定的。根据目前我国企业管理的现状,建立企业财务管理体制必须有相应的措施作保障。     

基于互联网的财务控制研究

计算机应用科学的不断发展,为企业提供了信息网络管理这一覆盖全面、信息准确、反馈及时的现代管理手段,使全方位、全员化财务控制职能的充分发挥成为可能。网络财务推动财务管理从桌面走向网络,从局部走向全部,财务控制的加强必将促进企业快速持续发展。     

Corporate governance in publicly traded small firms: A study of Canadian venture exchange companies

Most evidence regarding the determinants and effects of corporate governance practices is based on large firms. Herein, we explore these issues in the context of small publicly traded Canadian companies. We exploit the fact that such firms were not subject to corporate governance guidelines prior to 2005 and thus analyze the determinants of voluntary governance practice choices, as well as the effects of those practices on firm performance. Using a unique data set, we construct a corporate governance index for each firm. We measure performance by two variables: quality of accounting earnings and financial performance. The results indicate that corporate governance does matter for smaller traded Canadian firms. We find that both accounting and financial performance are positively related to corporate governance; however, their underlying mechanisms may differ somewhat. Given this result, it would be natural to expect all firms to choose higher levels of governance. However, our results also suggest small firms face resource constraints that limit their choices. We conclude that good governance is an important driver of small firm performance that cannot be neglected by the owners and managers of these firms.     

Should Historians Trust Late Nineteenth-Century Company Financial Statements?

Business historians generally have been advised to adopt a cautious apporach when using financial accounting statements. This paper reviews the Business History literature on financial accounting practices and argues, by reference to evidence obtained from the exiting accounting and economic history literatures and from new archival sources, that this caution may well be excessive if applied to the corporate data of the late nineteenth century.