Emergency pressure relief discharge control by passive quenching—update

A recent runaway reaction emergency relief system design includes a passive quench tank to collect and contain the two-phase emergency relief discharge. This avoids the release of a large vapor cloud to the atmosphere and the attendant flammability and toxicity hazards. The feasibility of quenching is demonstrated with small scale experiments. A pressure relief simulation model is shown to accurately reproduce the observed temperature and pressure profiles in both the reactor and quench tank during relief. The model is then applied to the design of a full scale system. Quench system design considerations are discussed.     

球罐地震反应分析及其子结构拟动力试验方法

为了研究流固耦合作用对球罐地震反应的影响,利用ABAQUS软件建立1 000m3球罐有限元模型。采用子空间法对球罐进行了模态分析,并与规范算法进行对比,同时采用耦合拉格朗日欧拉算法,对考虑液固耦合作用的球罐进行地震反应分析。分析结果表明:考虑液固耦合作用使球形储罐的顶点位移、竖向支反力、支柱底部剪力以及拉杆应力等方面衰减得更快,并且在数值上也比附加质量法所模拟的结果小很多。在此基础上,介绍了子结构拟动力试验方法,提出将子结构拟动力试验方法应用于球形储罐的抗震性能分析,阐述了球形储罐子结构拟动力试验的步骤,为球形储罐抗震研究提供一种新的试验研究思路。     

注水站流量计在线测试方法的探讨

对胜利油田注水流量计量现状进行了调研分析,提出了用现场注水罐作标准器,对注水流量计进行在线测试的方法,解决注水流量计量不准的问题。通过现场实验和数据分析,证明了该测试方法的可行性。     

Ammonia converter operation

Optimization for the operating conditions of Kellogg's four-stage adiabatic quench converter was achieved in a 1000 MTPD plant of Asean Aceh Fertilizer in Indonesia by adjusting the temperature profile through the catalyst beds with adjustments of quench flows.     

污水站储罐液位监控技术研究

污水站储罐液位是油气田集输工艺的重要参数之一。长庆油田采气二厂现场污水站储罐液位计量采用人工检尺测量和静压式液位测量都存在弊端,给生产带来很大的影响。经调研选用雷达液位计和超声波液位计测量污水站储罐液位,经过现场测试,这两种液位计性能良好,计量准确,稳定性好,实现了对储罐的计量和监督,极大的方便了生产。结合采气二厂污水站储罐液位计量的应用实践,重点论述雷达液位计和超声波液位计测量的原理、技术特性及应用效果评价。     

稠油计量系统研究及现场应用

鲁克沁采油厂的各采油站点主要以40m3油罐检尺来完成对掺稀总量、单井和混合油总量、单井掺稀量的计量。检尺量罐方法,计量的准确性较低。根据计量法和精细化管理的要求,为有效提高采油厂的计量精度,对几种计量仪表进行适应性试验,并引进一批国内外先进的计量设备,改变目前的计量现状,使计量更加趋于精确。     

储罐设计标准关键技术问题探讨

针对国内外储罐事故的经验教训,系统梳理了国内外储罐设计标准。为了提高国内储罐标准的先进性,分别从储罐附件设计、储罐消防设计和储罐安全设计3个方面,深入研究了国内外标准差异。国外储罐标准技术先进性包括储罐安全距离、浮顶储罐浮盘状态监视、储罐泄漏检测和防渗设计等方面。最后借鉴国外标准先进理念,就完善国内储罐设计标准提出了建议。     

发酵消毒过程中余热利用初探

通过一种蓄热技术使发酵过程中的余热得到了很好地利用。经过实际检测,一台100m3发酵罐,实消降温时产生了高温冷却水,通过相变蓄热将高温冷却水中的热量予以储存,存储热量可达117×105 kJ。     

In a Network Industry,Does Product Quality Matter?

The role of product quality in industries influenced by network effects has been the subject of significant debate among management theorists. Some have suggested that network effects can result in inferior products, as consumers value a large cohort of fellow adopters over the technical quality of a given product. Others argue that cases of market domination by inferior products are quite rare and that product quality is an important aspect of network‐based competition. Thus, a fundamental question has arisen from this debate: in industries influenced by network effects, does product quality matter? This research uses a sample of product releases in the application software industry from 1986 to 1998 to test the impact of product quality on installed base growth for a given product line. Using software quality measures from archival trade publication reviews, quality is found to have a positive and significant impact on growth, even after controlling for installed base size and other product, firm, and segment characteristics. This finding suggests that the first‐mover advantages often ascribed to network industries may be more complex than previously thought. Rather, effective strategy in network competition appears to center on the trade‐off between early product releases, with the intent of establishing an early installed base, and later product releases, with the intent of improving the quality of the focal product. Several potential extensions of this work are offered, with a specific focus on (1) the impact of variation in the strength of network effects across industries, and (2) the dueling incentives faced by incumbents in network industries, who may possess greater capabilities to produce high‐quality products but limited incentive to do so. Other potential contributions for theory and practice are offered and discussed.     

Combustion hazards of silane and its chlorides

This paper addresses the unusual combustion hazards of silane and its chlorides, comprising the homologous chlorosilane series SiH_nCl_4-n. The literature on silane is briefly reviewed and new experimental data presented showing the effects of sudden releases into free air. New data are presented for ignition sensitivities and deflagration rates of chlorosilane mixtures with air. Specific hazardous reactions of this group of materials are described and contrasted with those of the analogous alkanes. Mechanisms for flame acceleration and transition to detonation are discussed.     

原油储罐油水计量在线监测系统

论述了原油储罐油水计量在线监测系统的基本原理及其确定圆柱形油罐内油水量的方法，成功解决了油水过渡带这一困扰油罐计量的难题。该系统特别适合储存非均质的、两种不同性质液体的圆柱形储罐。     

An ammonia storage tank study

An in-depth hazards review and subsequent field work on a 20-year-old ammonia tank are discussed, as well as a new method used to change tank valves. Included are a risk assessment of critical piping and a fracture mechanic study of the tank.     

缸套激光淬火的网格化效应

研究了缸套材料激光淬火的网格化效应，分析了不同淬火道方向对材料副耐磨性的影响，提出了一种适用的表面硬化模型。     

雷达液位仪在油品储罐液位计量上的应用

油品储罐液位是油品集输工艺的重要参数之一。采用人工检尺等接触式方法测量液位，存在种种弊端，非接触式雷达液位仪可以解决液位测量中误差大，不安全等问题。结合我厂油罐液位测量方法的发展历程，重点介绍了雷达液位仪的原理及技术特点，以及其安装，调试，使用过程中存在和需要解决的一些问题。     

Structured packings for use in oxygen service: Flammability considerations

Metallic structured packings have found increasing use in the cryogenic distillation of air. An experimental program was performed to test the flammability of selected metal packings under simulated high oxygen concentration operating conditions. Aluminum flammability in gaseous oxygen has been shown to be very dependent upon argon dilution, and in the presence of liquid oxygen, strong energy releases have been observed. Brass packing exhibited an unexpectedly high relative flammability whereas copper has been found to be non-flammable in all tested oxygen purities. These findings suggest the use of copper structured packing in higher purity GOX/LOX regions of an air separation distillation column and aluminum structured packing in the remainder of the column.     

Determining spacing by radiant heat limits

A method for calculating the “safe” separation distance between pressurized LPG storage tanks and flammable liquid storage tank dikes is presented. The safe separation distance is defined as the minimum distance at which the radiant heat from a dike fire is insufficient to cause catastrophic tank failure, even if no cooling water is applied to the LPG tank.     

The anatomy of an acrylic acid runaway polymerization

The details of an unscheduled polymerization of acrylic acid initiated by indirect heating have been characterized by in-depth analysis of the polymer, kinetic and thermodynamic calculations, and heat and material balances on the system. The data fit together to give a consistent picture of the polymerization scenario. The fact that the acrylic acid polymerization was not violent was primarily due to the presence of about 10 ppm phenothiazine, which delayed the onset of free radical polymerization until about 2 to 3 hours after the monomer had reached its boiling point. Since much of the acrylic acid was converted to dimer during this induction period, the ultimate energy release was greatly limited. Other moderating factors were a relatively slow heatup of the tank contents in the external heat exchange recycle loop, free vapor venting, and the incursion of fire monitor water into the tank.     

立式金属罐腐蚀原因分析

立式金属储罐罐顶、内部附件及罐底边缘板腐蚀一直是影响立式金属罐使用寿命的一个重要因素,针对安塞油田立式金属罐腐蚀现状,分析了防腐工艺及内部附件在设计上存在的弊端,提出新的防腐及施工工艺。