Absolute and Relative Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty

This paper develops the link between poverty and inequality by focussing on a class of poverty indices (some of them well–known) which aggregate normative concerns for absolute and relative deprivation. The indices are distinguished by a parameter value that captures the ethical sensitivity of poverty measurement to "exclusion" or "relative–deprivation" aversion. The indices can be readily used to predict the impact of growth on poverty. An illustration using LIS data finds that the United States show more relative deprivation than Denmark and Belgium whatever the percentiles considered, but that overall deprivation comparisons of the four countries considered will generally depend on the intensity of the ethical concern for relative deprivation. The impact of growth on poverty also depends on the presence of and on the attention granted to concerns over relative deprivation.     

中国财政再分配与减贫效应的数量测度

中国正致力于践行共享发展新理念,测算现行财政再分配体系是否以及在多大程度上缓解收入分配差距、减轻贫困,从而实施更为"精准"的财政再分配,是关键一环。本文拓展了传统财政再分配分析方法,将财政收入端和支出端纳入统一研究框架,基于CFPS2012入户调查数据和投入产出表,构建居民收入核算账户,运用标准财政归宿法,测算出中国居民的财政净受益;采用"匿名"与"非匿名"评价指标,综合测度了"一揽子"财政工具的再分配和减贫效应。结果显示:中国财政分配体系对市场分配整体上呈微弱的正向调节效应,财政体系整体使全国基尼系数下降了4.06%,其中,基本社会保险、公共服务、转移支付和直接税的边际贡献分别是2.48%、2.34%、1.75%、1.19%,而间接税的边际贡献为-1.57%,起逆向调节作用;中国财政再分配工具具有显著减贫效应,财政再分配使全国贫困广度、深度和强度均下降20%以上,其中,支出端具有"济贫"性,收入端的间接税具有显著"劫贫"性。总体上,弱累进财政再分配体系甚至逆向调节的财政再分配工具,与共享发展存在矛盾。实现共享发展,迫切需要重构"精准"财政再分配体系,加快构建以税负归宿公平和公共支出受益归宿公平为核心的现代财政制度。     

Contributions of Longitudinal Data to Poverty Measurement in Australia*

Chronic poverty is of greater social consequence than transitory poverty but its measurement requires longitudinal data. This article uses six waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to explore the extent to which longitudinal data contribute to what is known about poverty from cross‐section data. We find an imperfect correspondence between people’s annual poverty status and chronic poverty status. Consequently, policies that aim to reduce chronic poverty using means‐tested benefits may be partially misdirected if beneficiaries are identified using annual income. Furthermore, some households experiencing chronic poverty may fall through the safety net.     

国际社会的贫困理论与减贫战略研究

贫困是世界著名的3P问题之一。作为一种特定的社会经济现象,贫困是全球面临的共同难题。二次世界大战后至今,国际社会为减少及消除贫困做出了积极的贡献,并提出了如人类发展指数、人类贫困指数和千年发展目标这样的有关贫困的理论及国际减贫目标。本文从国际社会的角度出发,对贫困理论以及减贫战略进行了详细研究,并在国际社会制订减贫战略及政策方面提出了几点建议。     

长期多维贫困、不平等与致贫因素

本文利用Alkire&Foster(2011)多维贫困测度方法和Foster(2009)的持续时间分析法,构建了长期多维贫困与平均贫困持续时间指数,以CHNS数据为样本从静态和动态双重视角分析了我国的长期多维贫困程度,并通过多层回归模型探讨了致贫的宏微观因素。研究发现:长期多维贫困指数不仅能测度家庭贫困程度,还能反映贫困家庭平均贫困持续时间;相比城市家庭,农村家庭长期多维贫困发生率更高,但随着贫困持续时间的延长,城乡贫困家庭的平均被剥夺深度出现了明显的逆转,城市贫困家庭的贫困程度相对于农村更为严重;户籍制度能解释城乡家庭长期多维贫困发生率差异的43%,且能解释城乡贫困家庭的贫困不平等程度的17%;家庭的户主特征、社会关系、人口规模与结构、户籍制度等因素对长期多维贫困发生率及不平等有显著影响。     

基于WPI-LSE模型的中国水贫困测度及空间驱动类型分析

在构建水贫困评价指标体系基础上,采用WPI模型测度了2009年中国31个省市（自治区）的水贫困水平,并以资源、设施、能力、使用和环境5系统得分的贡献率为指标,采用LSE方法将各省市划分为不同的水贫困驱动类型。结果表明：我国水贫困程度呈自东南向西北逐渐加重的规律;资源因素是所有北方地区共同的水贫困驱动因素;在东北、中、西部区域内经济和社会发展水平不高的地区,设施和能力因素构成对水贫困的驱动因素;在资源条件较好的东南和西南地区、以及发展水平不高的西北地区,使用因素形成对水贫困的驱动效应;东北和东部地区的水贫困亦由环境因素所驱动。研究结果可为各地区制定缓解水贫困的水资源管理策略提供必要的理论基础。     

The Measurement of Poverty in Australia: 1981–82 and 1985–86

In this paper I discuss indices used to measure the level of poverty in Australia among demographic groups and over time. The strengths and deficiencies of indices in current use are noted and alternative indices are presented. The theoretical properties of the indices are compared and discussed. The discussion is extended to include a brief review of poverty lines paying particular attention to the method used to update them. Poverty is measured for 1981–82 and 1985–86 for broad demographic groups. Differences between groups in each year and trends over time are noted and discussed. The performance of alternative indices are compared.     

基于市场参与维度的农户多维贫困测量研究——以连片特困地区为例

在农村扶贫攻坚任务趋紧形势下,市场化反贫困被认为是不容忽视的重要手段。为探究市场化反贫困思路是否符合实践需要,基于广西和陕西两省(区)连片特困地区419份农户调查数据,应用拓展的AF方法对农户多维贫困进行测量。研究结果显示:(1)多维贫困问题在连片特困地区广泛存在,且多维贫困发生率和多维贫困指数较高。不同维度的贫困程度差异较大,各维度按MPI贡献率由高到低依次为:市场参与贫困、收入贫困、教育贫困、基础设施贫困。(2)市场参与维度各环节贫困程度由高到低依次为:产后环节、产中环节、产前环节。因此,要深入推进市场化减贫战略,通过促进农户稳定融入农产品供应链、完善农业生产服务体系、加强收入及教育常规扶贫手段等推进反贫困工作。     

A Consistent Poverty Approach to Assessing the Sensitivity of Income Poverty Measures and Trends

This paper examines the sensitivity of estimates of income poverty rates and trends to variations in the poverty line and to whether or not certain households are included or excluded from the sample used to estimate poverty. The approach draws on the concept of consistent poverty, which has been used to identify those with incomes below the poverty line who also experience deprivation. Our approach involves excluding households with incomes below the poverty line if they report zero or negative income or are self‐employed, have expenditure well in excess of their income, have substantial wealth holdings, or if they do not report having experienced financial stress over the past year. The combined impact of all four exclusions is to reduce the half‐median income poverty rate from 9.9 per cent to 5.4 per cent, but also suggests that poverty increased by more over the decade to 2003–04 than the original estimates indicate.     

现阶段农村贫困群体贫困原因分析

现阶段农村贫困群体贫困原因主要有农村贫困群体老弱病残身体、家庭状况和能力等自身原因,此外还有劳动寻求不足和再就业机会缺失、农村基础设施薄弱、资金性贫困、社会资本缺乏、公共政策实施中的问题等原因。     

企业扶贫与可持续减贫作用机理的政治经济学阐释

企业扶贫是内生于我国产业扶贫实践的具有中国特色的贫困治理模式。在结合我国基本国情分析农村贫困生成的宏观、微观原因的基础上,运用政治经济学原理剖析我国企业参与扶贫开发的运作机理,试图解释如何通过扶贫企业这个外力激活贫困人口自我发展的内生动力以实现可持续减贫。研究发现:第一,当企业参与扶贫,意味着有限的扶贫资源实现了一个社会财富不断增长的循环过程,这是可持续减贫的基础。第二,当企业参与扶贫,不仅可将贫困人口融入到整个国民经济的大循环系统,使他们有可能分享到经济增长的成果,而且,有助于贫困地区和贫困人口的"三维资本"的运用和提升,从而最终形成可持续脱贫的长效机制。     

自生能力与巩固脱贫成果——后扶贫时代的思考

我国已经如期实现了精准脱贫的目标,成功按期消除了绝对贫困,这同时意味着我国进入了后扶贫时代.如何巩固深度贫困地区和人口的扶贫成果,防止出现规模性退化或返贫,应当是后扶贫时代需要深入思考和解决的重大课题.经验证明,当贫困地区和贫困人口按标准成功摆脱贫困以后,会出现一定的退化现象,从而需要有一个脱贫成果的巩固期.特别是那些...     

Budget Standards and the Poverty Line

This article reports some of the results from a recent study which, among other things, developed and costed low cost budgets for a range of Australian households. A budget standard represents what is needed, in terms of goods, services and activities, to achieve a particular standard of living and what that costs in a particular place and time. A low cost budget standard is one designed to meet basic needs at a frugal level while still allowing social and economic participation consistent with community expectations. The low cost budget standard estimates for households living in Sydney in February 1997 are somewhat higher than the Henderson poverty line, partly a reflection of the high cost of housing in Sydney, but also a consequence of the low cost standard itself being above a poverty standard. In spite of this, the budget standard relativities for different households provide an estimate of the relative needs of Australian households in the 1990s which could replace the current much-criticised equivalence scale.     

How to Compare Apples And Oranges: Poverty Measurement Based on Different Definitions of Consumption

Poverty rates calculated on the basis of household consumption expenditures are routinely compared across countries and time. The surveys which underlie these comparisons typically differ in the types of food and non-food expenditures included, often in ways which are easily overlooked by analysts. With several examples we demonstrate that these commonly occurring variations in expenditure definitions can give rise to marked differences in poverty rates where there are no real differences in well-being. We show that one approach to calculating poverty lines, used with the headcount measure of poverty, can allow comparisons based on data with different definitions of consumption. In addition to allowing comparative poverty analysis using existing survey data, the results suggest that poverty monitoring could be done effectively at lower cost by alternating detailed expenditure surveys with far more abbreviated surveys.     

Poverty functions and the aged population

This article examines trends in poverty among the elderly in the United States from two perspectives. "First, we are interested in changes that took place in the magnitude, characteristics and incidence of poverty within this sector, as a result of the functioning of the economy as well as the poverty programme during the past decade. Our second primary objective is to present analytical models of the severity of poverty and use these models to describe techniques that might be employed in evaluating ways of alleviating poverty in one category of the aged poor where it seems most acute and most intractable, i.e. aged women living alone."