Commission Splits in Real Estate Transactions

We examine commission splits between listing and selling agents in real estate transactions. We construct a theoretical model to show that agency problems arise when a listing agent attempts to maximize his or her payoff while setting the commission split. Mitigation to these agency problems can be achieved through the imposition of a limited duration on listing contracts. Our model produces several testable hypotheses, which are supported by empirical evidence. We find property listings with higher list prices and quick sales are associated with lower commission splits. Commission split is more likely to be higher when the listed property has a high degree of atypicality and/or is overpriced. Additionally, agent-owned properties pay higher commission splits.     

Real Options Premia Implied from Recent Transactions in the Greek Real Estate Market

This research is the first to examine the empirical predictions of a real option-pricing model on market values from the realty market of a Euro area country, namely Greece. Using a manually collected sample of land and property transaction prices, we demonstrate that, a model which incorporates the option to wait to develop land has explanatory power on observed prices over and above the intrinsic value from a simple discounted cash flow (DCF) approach. Recent land transactions in our sample seem to reflect a premium for the option to wait (‘real option premium’) that can be as high as 26.66%–52.38%, especially in the west and north suburbs of Athens. Estimates of annual volatility for specific properties, as implied by transaction prices, are found to range from 15% to 21%.     

A Direct Test of the Free Cash Flow Hypothesis: Evidence from Real Estate Transactions

This paper tests (Jensen The American Economic Review, 76, 323–329 1986) free cash flow hypothesis using data on real estate transactions. We find that firms with either higher free cash flow or higher cash reserve pay more fore real estate, which is consistent with the free cash flow hypothesis. We also find that the agency costs of free cash flow associated with real estate transactions are more severe when firms have lower Tobin’s Q. Furthermore, we find that among the commonly used corporate governance measures, only equity compensation is effective in mitigating the agency problem of free cash flow.     

Real Estate Risk Exposure of Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study examines the linkage between equity real estate investment trust (REIT) returns and the private real estate factor. The results reveal a tighter connection between REIT and the private real estate market starting from 1993. In addition, large-cap REITs seem to behave more like real estate than do small-cap REITs. Overall, the results are consistent with three notions: (1) that institutional investors provide information-gathering services (Bradrinath et al., Rev. Financ. Stud., 8:401–430, 1995), (2) that a more sophisticated investor base improves information flow, and (3) that a high degree of participation from institutional investors strengthens the linkage between REIT returns and the underlying real estate factor (Ziering et al., The evolution of public and private market investing in the new real estate capital markets, Prudential Real Estate Investors, Parsippany, NJ, 1997).

我国房地产信贷调控对房地产周期的影响分析

本文研究房地产周期波动的成因中发现我国历史上有些房地产信贷调控助推了我国房地产周期波动,而对投资性购房实施的逆周期房地产信贷调控平缓了房地产周期波动。通过进一步计量分析房地产信贷与房地产周期的关系,得出我国房地产信贷政策与房地产周期之间的相关结论。最后提出建立逆周期房地产信贷调控机制来熨平房地产周期波动的政策建议。     

Momentum in Residential Real Estate

This paper examines whether there is return momentum in residential real estate in the U.S. Case and Shiller (American economic review 79(1):128–137, 1989) document evidence of positive return correlation in four U.S. cities. Similar to Jegadeesh and Titman’s (Journal of finance 56:699–720, 1993) stock market momentum paper, we construct long-short zero cost investment portfolios from more than 380 metropolitan areas based on their lagged returns. Our results show that momentum of returns in the U.S. residential housing is statistically significant and economically meaningful during our 1983 to 2008 sample period. On average, zero cost investment portfolios that buy past winning housing markets and short sell past losing markets earn up to 8.92% annually. Our results are robust to different sub-periods and more pronounced in the Northeast and West regions. While zero cost portfolios of residential real estate indices is not a tradable strategy, the implications of our results can be useful for builders, potential home owners, mortgage originators and traders of real estate options.     

Risk-Hedging in Real Estate Markets

Topics in real estate markets have attracted much attention recently. In this article, we first address the risk-hedging issues of speculators based on an American put option pricing model, and then investigate their risk-hedging behaviors using a generalized swing option so as to take capacity effects into account. Semi-analytic solutions are derived, and examples are presented. Results have important implications in the real estate markets and contribute to the operational research literature on risk measuring and risk management.     

江西省房地产市场发展与房地产金融风险关系实证研究

金融危机爆发后,世界主要经济体普遍实行了宽松货币政策。在这一背景下,我国房地产市场强势反弹,销量涨幅创历史新高,成交均价一路走高。2009年,江西省房地产市场实现逆势上扬行情,呈现出投资增速逐月回升,供给面积低位增长,销售规模大幅上升,成交均价一路走高的运行特点。在分析江西省房地产市场运行特点的基础上,本文从实证角度考察了房地产市场发展与金融支持之间的关系。实证结果表明,房地产市场的发展、房价的上涨与金融支持之间具有相互促进、互为因果的密切关系。在此基础上进一步分析了房地产市场发展中隐含的金融风险,并提出相应的对策建议。     

“从紧”下的地产乾坤——访上海原申投资有限公司董事长兼总裁 金银华

没有什么时候能像当今房地产这样火爆,没有什么时候能像现在银行房贷这样高涨。没有什么时候能像目前央行调控这样频繁。2003年的央行上调存款准备金率,被认为是控制商业银行信贷增长过快的开局。2005年进一步的调控,使高热的房地产市场降了温。2007年年内多次上调存款准备金率、多次加息和提高第二套房贷首付。无疑表明央行的调控在逐步升级。     

房地产金融对房地产市场发展的影响研究：北海实证

本文通过向量自回y-5模型（VAR）研究房地产金融对房地产市场的实际影响。选取北海市金融类和房地产市场类等4项指标,建立2个VAR模型系统;利用脉冲相应函数和方差分解方法,分析信贷市场指标变化对房地产市场供需影响的时滞、持续时间及作用强度。结果表明：北海房地产金融市场与房地产市场无论在长期还是短期都存在均衡关系,两者具有一定程度的共生性。基于以上分析,提出相应的政策建议。     

房价小跌怡情

全球经济刚刚从“急救室”里推出来,中国的房地产市场却仍在“高烧”。一些本该用于企业主业的资金被持续投入房地产市场,这些企业的CFO目前的要务,是给自己的决策层适当“降温”。     

正视地产风险

多元化的融资渠道可以提高融资质量、大幅降低风险,避免致地产资金链断裂的情境。2012年10月惠誉发布了最新的《中国房地产开发商评级报告》,其中对行业风险状况的评估进行了更新,在中国本行业内的代表性企业倾向于被评为非投资级,只有极少数公司在BBB级别范围内,这些企业具有较高水平的经常性收入,可优先获取优质土地储备或资金,通常为国家所有。     

Diversification Issues in Real Estate Investment

Real estate asset management has been and will continue to be a topic of great interest. Specifically, does real estate warrant inclusion in an efficient portfolio? And if so, how much should be invested in real estate? This article reviews the extant literature in the area of real estate diversification and helps identify the reasons that there exists so much divergence in the answer to the question, “How much in real estate?” Moreover, diversification as it relates to real estate is discussed in reference to both mixed-asset portfolios and for diversification within the real estate asset class. Directions for future research are also discussed.     

嘉实地产基金“双币”齐飞

“人民币和美元‘双平台’服务,是我们很重要的一个核心竞争力。”嘉实地产基金副总裁陈文杰说道。从2012年9月25日成立至今,嘉实房地产投资（香港）有限公司（以下称“嘉实地产”）已满周岁。     

人口负增长对延边州房地产市场和地产金融的影响研究

根据第七次全国人口普查结果,延边州总人口为1941700人,与2010年第六次全国人口普查相比减少281563人,下降12.66％,年均下降1.34％.本文通过对人口负增长下延边州房地产市场和房地产金融的变化的梳理,以期探讨人口负增长对房地产市场的具体影响机制与效果,从而为延边地区房地产市场和房地产金融稳健可持续发展提...     

房产困局中的金融风险

当前,中央政府和社会舆论对房地产市场是否存在泡沫、以及房地产开发投资持续增长是否会激化泡沫异常关注,因为这涉及到国家经济安全和金融安全问题.本文将从分析中国目前房地产市场特征出发,重点探讨可能对房地产金融带来的影响及可能的风险防范措施.     

房企战通胀

2010年起,国家陆续出台包括国十条、国八条在内的一系列政策,从限贷、限购、限价、保障房住房、个人转让住房营业税及住房土地供应等方面对房地产市场供求关系进行调控,遏制房价快速上涨。今年7月,新国五条的出台亦向市场发出政策不会松绑,并将继续加强执行力度的强烈信号。     

房地产信贷与房地产业发展问题研究——以驻马店为例

房地产业呈现迅猛发展势头,需要大量的银行信贷为其提供资金来源.驻马店市房地产信贷发展迅速,但也存在着银行信贷方式单一、手续复杂、居民收入低、消费观念落后等一些不利因素制约着房地产信贷进一步发展,应从法制、银行、消费观念及居民收入改善等环节入手消除障碍.     

养老地产新生

如何以老年产业为基础,调整城市产业运营方式,转变养老事业的财政单一性投入,鼓励市场资本介入,这无疑是政府、开发商、投资者三方共同关注的焦点。     

Spatial Statistics and Real Estate

Real estate has historically employed statistical tools designed for independent observations while simultaneously noting the violation of these assumptions in the form of clustering of same sign residuals by neighborhood, along roads, and near facilities such as airports. Spatial statistics takes these dependencies into account to provide more realistic inference (OLS has biased standard errors), better prediction, and more efficient parameter estimation. This article provides an overview of the field and directs readers to the relevant literature and software.