Understanding gift giving in Japan

It's frowned on in the U.S., but in Japan gift giving has a long tradition. The practice of gift exchange has many complicated rules that an American should understand if he or she doesn't want to appear illmannered to a prospective business associate.     

Older adults' motivations for gift giving to charitable organizations: An exchange theory perspective

Although corporate contributions to charity have been the subject of much discussion and research, little attention and research has been devoted to understanding charitable gift-giving behavior of individuals. Using exchange theory, we provide explanations for gift-giving behavior of older adults. A model is developed and tested using LISREL. The results suggest that social interaction and control motivations are important predictors of gift-giving behavior. Contrary to expectation, esteem enhancement motivations were negatively related to charitable gift giving. These results provide partial support for an exchange-theory-based explanation of older adults' gift-giving behavior. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Predicting consumer behavior with two emotion appraisal dimensions: Emotion valence and agency in gift giving

Decades of emotion research have demonstrated the unique influences of many specific emotions on consumer behaviors. These countless numbers of emotion effects can make it difficult to understand the role of emotions in consumer behavior. The current research introduces a parsimonious framework that can predict the effects of emotions on the consumer behavior of gift giving with just two appraisal dimensions: valence and agency. A series of studies examining gift giving reveals that positive emotions exert positive effects on gift giving, independent of their agency. In contrast, agency does predict the effects of negative emotions on gift giving. Negative self-caused emotions increase gift giving, whereas negative other-caused emotions decrease gift giving. These findings seem to hold for inactive and active emotions, and for uncertain and certain emotions. Together, these findings make a unique theoretical and empirical contribution to the understanding of emotions in gift giving. Moreover, it provides a pragmatic framework for both academics and practitioners.     

The perfect gift card: An exploration of teenagers' gift card associations

This study provides new insights into the meaning and value of gift cards in gift exchange among teenagers who gave and/or received gift cards during the Christmas/Hanukkah season. From their reflections of the reasons for giving gift cards and their feelings about receiving gift cards from others, the social roles played out in buying gift cards as a gift selection strategy are assessed and the values associated with gift cards explored. The results suggest that givers playing the roles of acknowledger and pleaser are heavy gift card givers when buying gifts for difficult recipients. Acknowledgers incorporate gift cards into existing strategies for gift selection (especially “settle,” “pawn off,” and “buy relationship affirming gifts”), but for pleasers, buying gift cards may be part of a new gift selection strategy—“play it safe.” Importantly, although gift cards can reflect economic, social, and functional value, the giving of gift cards seems to result in a new form of value for the recipients—the value of choice, which occurs when the control over gift selection is transferred from giver to receiver. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

新媒体艺术在装置艺术中的应用

装置艺术是当代中国现代前卫艺术中重要的艺术形式.装置艺术的美学特征正是以对传统艺术的反诘和超越为其主要特征.主要表现为:超越艺术与客体世界;艺术与观众二元对立的弥和性:艺术家的设计、作品的自足、观众的参与三位一体的艺术活动性:新媒体艺术是一种以"光学"媒介和电子媒介为基本语言的新艺术学科门类,是建立在以数字技术为核心的基础上的.新媒体艺术不同于现成品艺术、装置艺术、身体艺术、大地艺术.在装置艺术作品中能够灵活运用新媒体艺术将取得非常吸引人的现场气氛和出乎意料的表现效果.中国的奥运会开幕式就是这类作品的典范之一.     

Moments of truth in gift exchanges: A critical incident analysis of communication indicators used to detect gift failure

This research examines how gift recipients communicate gift failure to givers, whether through paralinguistic indicators, direct verbal comments, and consumption (or not) of the gift. Critical incident reports identified specific communication indicators that signaled displeasure with the gift and measured the impact of these indicators on important exchange outcomes. Overall, failed gifts have a greater impact on future exchanges than on relationship quality. However, failure to appreciate the gift can have a significant negative effect on relationships. Gift failures between friends, co‐workers, and in‐laws are more susceptible to relationship harm than those involving close kin, like parents, spouses, and children. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

现代园林艺术分析

中国现代园林建筑要提炼中国古典园林文化的本土特征和西方园林文化的精髓,挖掘出潜在的、有意义、有价值的设计要素,使现代文明和传统文化完美融合,形成一种全新的现代园林设计理念.     

An investigation of the power of emotions in relationship realignment: The gift recipient's perspective

This study investigates the types of emotions that link a broad spectrum of idiosyncratic, gift‐exchange experiences with specific relationship realignment outcomes. Content analysis and analysis‐of‐variance procedures are used to assess the link between emotions and gift recipients' perceptions of relationship quality. The results demonstrate that rather than the overall amount of felt emotions, it is the balance of positive and negative emotions that is associated with specific relationship outcomes. It also appears that coping processes allow individuals to realize an overall neutral or positive outcome for the relationship, even if negative emotions are experienced. Moreover, different patterns of emotions characterize each of five different relational outcomes of the gift‐receipt experience. These results have theoretical and practical implications for gift exchange as well as other emotion‐laden marketing relationships, such as those found in services and personal selling contexts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

试论二人转艺术中大锣的发展及演奏

在双城古老的二人转艺术中,大锣演奏独具魅力,对我国大锣的简介、发展、结构、特点进行阐述,全面论述大锣的辉煌历史.     

Analysis of free gift card program effectiveness

Retailers use various promotions, such as gift cards, to increase profits. When retailers give gift cards “free” to consumers who spend above specified thresholds in a single purchase, some consumers may buy more goods. We develop a model to derive the optimal purchase amount thresholds and gift card values. The model is developed for consumers without and then with a spending constraint. We find that the retailer's profit margin, the degree of forward buying and stockpiling, and use of gift cards in future purchases that would have been made with cash, are the most important factors in determining the profitability of gift cards. Gift cards may be very profitable for high-margin retailers who can limit the degree of forward buying and stockpiling, particularly when consumers use gift cards to buy goods they would not have bought from the retailer without gift cards. If this is how consumers use the gift cards, then consumers spending above the cards’ value at redemption can significantly increase their profitability. Without a consumer spending constraint, it is best for the retailer to offer at most one gift card at a large purchase amount. With a consumer spending constraint, it may be profitable to give gift cards at multiple purchase amount thresholds. We also show that the commonly observed policy of giving gift cards at equally spaced purchase amounts may be profitable when forward buying and stockpiling can be controlled. Moreover, we show that gift cards become more profitable when consumers are inconsistent, that is, they overestimate their probability of redeeming the gift card at purchase time. Finally, gift cards may have only a slight profit advantage over discounts if consumers are consistent. Consumer inconsistency and spending above the cards’ value increase this advantage.     

美术理论教育的重要性分析

文章从美术理论的角度,针对目前美术界存在的有些理论素质相对欠缺、美术院校对美术理论课程不够重视等问题,对照西方美术教育专家对美术理论观点的比较,说明美术理论课程在我国美术教育中的重要性.     

美术理论教育的重要性分析

文章从美术理论的角度,针对目前美术界存在的有些理论素质相对欠缺、美术院校对美术理论课程不够重视等问题,对照西方美术教育专家对美术理论观点的比较,说明美术理论课程在我国美术教育中的重要性.