Human Capital and Hours Worked of Children in Cambodia: Empirical Evidence for Policy Implications*

This study uses data from the Cambodian Child Labor Survey 2001/02 (CCLS‐2001/02) to investigate the trade‐off between child labor and their human capital formation. It also investigates the determinants of child schooling and that of the income earned from child labor. This study finds that children's education is a significant determinant of their wage rate, which implicitly explains the logic behind the household's decision to allow a child to both work and study, and thus explains why parents keep investing in their children's education. We also find that non‐poor households and fathers’ and mothers’ education have statistically significant effects on child schooling. Finally, this study has found that if children's average working hours are below the threshold level of 22 h per week, then education is not affected. These research findings have policy implications for the human capital development of children, as well as for broader social policy in Cambodia.     

Child Labor in Carpet Weaving: Impact of Social Labeling in India and Nepal

Does the labeling of tradable products like carpets which have been produced without child labor increase the welfare of children and their families? This paper presents results of surveys conducted in India and Nepal. The findings suggest a positive link between social labeling and the removal of child laborers for households above the subsistence level. However, for households below the subsistence level, no significant influence has been found.     

经济发展与社会福利:从对立到整合

随着"全球化"时代的来临,经济发展与社会福利之间两难抉择成为了不可回避的问题.经济全球化的消极后果--劳动力市场改变、持续失业的产生、福利依赖性的增强以及抑制福利支出的需要,已经对社会福利的发展及其稳定性构成了严峻挑战.近年来,西方社会福利的论述正逐渐超越传统两难的格局,积极地探讨二者之间系统整合的可能性,由此激发出更多的福利发展新思维.     

Child labor, family income, and the Uruguay Round

Conclusion We are no longer limited to qualitative discussions of the merits of a social clause in the GATT against child labor. Future debates should be in quantitative terms. Child labor can contribute up to 25 percent of family income-contributions that the ILO regards as critical to their survival. Child laborers have few alternatives if they lose their jobs as a result of a social clause on labor standards. It is reasonably clear that child labor falls away quickly with economic development. However, multilateral trade agreements against child labor such as those proposed for inclusion in the WTO (and ILO) do not promote economic development. The contrary is more likely to be the case: they may reduce the range of alternatives available to children and their parents as producers, consumers, and breadwinners in developing countries.     

The effects of formal and informal child care on the Mother's labor supply—Evidence from urban China

The women's labor force participation rate in China has declined considerably during the last twenty years in urban China. Since the reforms started in the mid-1990s, publicly subsidized child care programs have decreased, and private care centers have increased. This might have increased the reliance of working mothers on informal child care and reduced their reliance on formal child care. Using post-reform data from the Project on Rural–Urban Migration in China (RUMiC) of 2008, I estimate the effects of formal and informal child care on the labor supply of mothers of young children. A recursive model with instrumental variables is employed to account for endogeneity. I find a positive and significant impact of informal child care in the form of grandchild care on the mother's labor force participation, while no significant effect of formal child care in the form of kindergartens or paid nannies. Considering recent tendencies in China to postpone retirement, one possible method to maintain mothers' presence in the labor market could be to reinforce the availability and affordability of formal child care.²³     

THE POLITICS OF REREGULATION: GLOBALIZATION,DEMOCRATIZATION, AND THE TAIWANESE LABOR MOVEMENT

Since the early 1990s, Taiwanese workers have faced two simultaneous trends: democratization and globalization. These two trends have different, if not exactly opposite, implications for the labor movement. Democratization has empowered the working class and made its members more effective in the political process. Globalization, however, has led to an increase in the flexibility of the labor market and made workers more vulnerable to changes in the economic environment. This paper begins with a discussion of the general characteristics of Taiwan's labor movement and the general impact of globalization on labor institutions. Then, by examining the transformation of Taiwan's labor institutions in recent years, and specifically the process of union reorganization and the revisions of the Labor Standards Law, the paper shows how, against the background of globalization, Taiwanese workers have used their newly acquired political power to maneuver between different political forces and set the development course for the labor movement.     

"断裂的全球化"与南亚区域合作

全球化是一个复杂的自相矛盾的进程,"断裂的全球化"是区域化的成因。以"断裂的全球化"思维模式对南亚区域合作进行的分析发现,南亚合作对实现经济和福利的跨越式增长存在很大机会,而建立冲突解决机制、实行公平贸易、开展能源合作、整合劳动力市场等措施有助于南亚推动迈向合作的进程。     

资本深化、技术进步与全球化下的劳动报酬份额

劳动报酬在国民收入中所占份额,一定程度上决定了一国最终消费需求大小。本文在新古典分配模型基础上,讨论了资本深化、技术进步以及全球化对我国劳动报酬份额影响机制,并运用省际面板数据进行实证分析。结果显示,具有资本增强属性的技术进步和过快的资本深化,偏离了现阶段我国要素禀赋结构,显著地降低了我国劳动报酬份额,全球化对提高我国劳动所得影响不明显。最后,本文给出了相关政策建议。     

“There are More Vets than Doctors in Chiloé”: Social and Community Impact of the Globalization of Aquaculture in Chile

This paper explores the complexities associated with globalization within the context of salmon farming in southern Chile, specifically whether the high levels of foreign investment and exponential growth in the industry have had a positive or negative impact on the people and communities of the archipelago of Chiloé. It is our argument that the responses to this issue require a subtle understanding of both the dynamics of community and the dialectics of modernity. We find substantial evidence that surplus labor, low wage levels, and poorly enforced or nonexistent health and safety standards are conditioning factors in the success of salmon farming in southern Chile. We conclude that a “sustainable community” approach is preferable to a “social sustainable” approach as the former focuses attention on the entire range of issues important to communities and the options open to them in confronting wider structures that affect their lives.     

Labor market deregulation and globalization: empirical evidence from OECD countries

This paper empirically investigates the influence of globalization on various aspects of labor market deregulation. I employ the data set by Bassanini and Duval (2006) on labor market institutions in OECD countries and the KOF index of globalization. The data set covers 20 OECD countries in the 1982–2003 period. The results suggest that globalization did neither influence the unemployment replacement rate, the unemployment benefit length, public expenditures on ALMP, the tax wedge, union density nor overall employment protection. In contrast, protection of regular employment contracts was diminished when globalization was proceeding rapidly. In fact, domestic aspects, such as unemployment and government ideology are more important determinants of labor market institutions and deregulation processes in OECD countries than globalization. For this reason, working conditions of unskilled workers are not likely to deteriorate and the jobs of unskilled workers are not likely to disappear in the course of globalization. All this is, of course, not to insinuate that globalization has any benign influence on labor market institutions.     

全球价值链视角下的模具产业集群园区创新体系研究——以台州模具产业集群园区为例

在经济全球化的背景下,由于交通和通信技术的迅猛发展,劳动力和资本等生产要素跨国界流动更加显著。中国的产业集群在全球产业的背景下如何适应全球化的挑战,如何实现产业转型升级正是我们要研究的课题。文章从台州的区域经济特点出发,选择台州模具产业集群园区作为重点解剖对象,从多个视角分析集群产业园区对增强集群创新能力的作用。基于台州产业集群的特点,要注重台州区域主导产业的发展和升级及集群内部结构的优化和调整。     

社会阶层认知分化的实证研究——基于有序Probit面板模型的估计

文章基于2012与2014年中国劳动力动态调查数据,利用有序Probit面板模型对我国劳动力社会阶层认知分化进行影响因素分析。实证显示,具有先赋性和自致性因素优势的个体更倾向于作出较高的阶层认知;主观认知因素显著影响劳动力的社会阶层认知,"相对剥离感"不利于阶层认知的提升。上述结论关于主观认知解释变量的内生性和有序模型的非正态性设定都是稳健的。此外,这些因素对劳动力社会阶层认知分化的边际概率影响具有一定的地区差异性。这些结果对我们正确评估社会转型期的代际传承、弱势群体生存状态、青年人职业选择、劳动力身心健康等都具有政策意义。     

中国国际分工地位的变化、内在矛盾及其走向

自1978年启动改革开放进程以来,中国利用全球化机遇,集聚国际要素,融入世界生产体系,从一个基本自给自足的封闭经济体发展成为世界商品贸易大国;从一个严重依赖于外部资金支持国内投资的资本吸收国发展成为外汇储备世界第一、对外投资能力迅猛增长的国家。但是全球分工新趋势从三个方面加剧了目前我国国际分工地位提升中的矛盾,使得当前阶段中国国际分工地位的自主性、收益性和可持续性面临挑战。本文以开放30年来中国国际分工地位变化轨迹的分析入手,着重研究当前阶段中国在全球国际分工新格局中所处的矛盾地位及面临的挑战,并提出通过一系列主动性调整,进一步提升中国国际分工地位的战略思路与政策取向。     

A New Approach to Measuring a Multidimensional Productivity Index: An Application for 60 Selected Countries

This study aims to develop a productivity index which takes into account the multidimensional characteristics of productivities. Our multidimensional productivity index (MPI) not only measures individual productivities of economic resources but also evaluate productivity enhancing general capacities of economy. Individual productivity indices such as labor productivity are limited because they do not consider the factors, such as the globalization of economies and the market and institutional variables, that could have profound impacts on productivity. The multidimensional Productivity Index (MPI) is measured for 60 countries including 23 OECD countries and 10 Asian countries. Our methodology employs the concept of technical efficiency that allows us to measure the extent to which institutional and market factors contribute to the economic performance. Our findings indicate that standard productivity measures such as labor productivity may overestimate the overall productivity differences across the economies.     

Relative wage, child labor, and human capital

This paper analyses child labor and children's human capitalformation in response to the changes of the relative wage/productivitybetween child labor and adult labor. It implies that becausechildren's labor market participation raises the financial resourcesspent on their education, a small increase in child labor mayenhance children's human capital. It also shows that in a pooreconomy, the laws that punish or partially deter child labormay result in children working more and accumulating less humancapital.     

The effects of globalization and technology on the elasticity of substitution

The elasticity of substitution between capital and labor (\(\sigma\)) is usually considered a “deep parameter”. This paper shows, in contrast, that \(\sigma\) is affected by both globalization and technology, and that different intensities in these drivers have different consequences for the OECD and the non-OECD economies. In the OECD, we find that the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is below unity; that it increases along with the degree of globalization; but it decreases with the level of technology. Although results for the non-OECD area are more heterogeneous, we find that technology enhances the substitutability between capital and labor. We also find evidence of a non-significant impact of the capital-output ratio on the labor share irrespective of the degree of globalization (which would be consistent with an average aggregate Cobb–Douglas technology). Given the relevance of \(\sigma\) for economic growth and the functional distribution of income, the intertwined linkage among globalization, technology and the elasticity of substitution should be taken into account in any policy makers’ objective function.     

The implications of the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ on globalization and inclusive growth for the Eurasian continent

The ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI) and other emergent forms of transnational institution building raise new fundamental issues for economists and social scientists. Can BRI become a template for a new phase in the globalization process – a stage in which China takes a more proactive role? Can BRI help Central Asian economies that until now had been standing on the sidelines become fully integrated into the global division of labor? This article tries to analyze China’s potential of assuming a more central role in international economic governance and globalization process, which would also be in line with the size of its population and GDP. Further, the article analyzes the potential impacts of the BRI on inclusive growth for the poorly integrated Eurasian landmass by inspecting several direct and indirect channels.     

酒店实习生组织支持感、组织自尊与情绪劳动关系研究

酒店业作为传统的劳动密集型服务行业,由于在工作过程中需要付出情绪劳动导致酒店员工离职率偏高,以大学生为主的实习生成为了酒店员工的重要群体。本研究以社会交换理论为基础,构建以组织自尊为中介变量,组织支持感与情绪劳动的关系模型,综合考量和探讨酒店实习生在工作过程中个人与组织因素对其情绪劳动的影响研究。研究发现组织支持感、组织自尊对情绪劳动均具有显著正向影响,即组织支持感、组织自尊越高,酒店实习生越倾向于采用深层行为,组织自尊在二者之间起完全中介作用。基于此,酒店在管理实习生过程中应着重提升组织自尊感,重视其情绪劳动发生的变化。     

当代跨国公司劳资关系发展与三方机制分析

进入20世纪90年代以来,强流动性资源主导弱流动性资源配置的特征更加明显,跨国公司携资本、技术、企业家才能等流动性较强的生产要素在全球范围内追求利润最大化,而相对不可流动的劳动力资源则面临着巨大的冲击,不同国家传统的劳动力市场及劳资关系也受到了严竣的挑战。文章从全球化进程中劳资关系的发展和三方主体入手,对其行为目标和所面临的冲突进行了分析,针对如何解决劳资冲突提出了一些观点。     

Selection and Reporting Bias in Household Surveys of Child Labor: Evidence from Tanzania

Abstract: Studies of child labor in developing countries have largely relied on data collected through national household surveys. But government‐sponsored household surveys are arguably prone to both sample selection bias and reporting bias. In this paper, we compare the demographic and labor market characteristics of working street children obtained from the 2000 Tanzanian Integrated Labor Force Survey, a government‐sponsored household survey, with the results obtained in a 2004 survey of working street children in the city of Mwanza in northern Tanzania. Our comparisons help illumine the potential biases introduced when child labor studies rely on household samples; specifically, we show that children in the non‐household based survey work longer hours, have lower educational attainment and suffer worse health outcomes than their counterparts in the government‐sponsored household survey. This suggests that studies based on national household surveys may significantly underestimate both the extent and the consequences of child labor.