Microfinance with Chinese Characteristics

Analyzing household survey data from three microfinance program sites, we provide an early systematic assessment of Chinese microfinance programs, which have grown rapidly since 1994, are based on the Grameen model, and include an unprecedented large-scale government initiative. We examine the empirical propositions that underpin successful microfinance programs—reaching the poor (targeting), financial and operational performance (sustainability), and program benefits (impact). We find that nongovernmental programs perform well in all three areas, but that governmental programs perform poorly. Given the remote location and focus on agricultural projects in China's poor areas, we advocate greater flexibility in loan contract terms, especially repayment schedules.     

An Impact Analysis of Microfinance in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper applies the financing constraints approach to study whether microfinance institutions improved access to credit for microenterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to this approach, microenterprises with improved access to credit rely less on internal funds for their investments. Thus, we compare investment sensitivity to internal funds of microenterprises in municipalities with significant presence of MFIs to that of microenterprises in municipalities with no (or limited) presence of MFIs using Living Standards Measurement Survey and MFI branch location data. Results indicate that MFIs alleviated microbusinesses’ financing constraints. This approach is applicable to evaluating microfinance impact in other countries.     

Microfinance in the Asia Pacific

The use of financial services as a development tool has taken a variety of forms over the past 25 years—rural credit schemes offering heavily subsidised loans to poor farmers, microfinance organisations providing working capital loans to predominately female micro-entrepreneurs, and a variety of organisations offering a range of financial services (credit, savings and insurance) to help poor households increase incomes and reduce their vulnerability to income fluctuations. Microfinance providers in Asia and Latin America have been world leaders, and the demonstration effect of their successes has helped to build substantial microfinance industries in countries such as Indonesia, Bangladesh and Bolivia. Africa has fewer well-known programs but some notable performers and growing microfinance sectors nonetheless; while regions such as the South Pacific have few if any microfinance successes. This paper highlights some key themes in the development of microfinance, with particular reference to the Asia Pacific region.     

印度小额信贷危机以及对中国的警示

小额信贷是个卖方市场。在印度,过高的利率招致大量逐利资金涌入,而急速增长和过于集中的小额信贷机构形成恶性竞争并最终酿成危机。中国小额信贷健康发展的策略是:建立社会绩效考核体系,防止目标偏离;实行利率管制,防止对贫困群体雪上加霜;杜绝滥用小额信贷概念,防止盲目冒进;加强对商业性资金进入的监管,防止系统风险发生。     

国际小额信贷发展的经验及启示

小额信贷是一种有效的金融扶贫方式。通过对福利主义小额信贷模式和制度主义小额信贷模式的比较,揭示国际小额信贷发展的制度主义倾向及其成功经验。分析我国小额信贷的实践并对其进行总体评价,最后指出国际成功小额信贷对我国的启示。     

Modalities of Microfinance Delivery in Asia and Latin America： Lessons for China

I. Introduction Microfinance, the provision of small size loans and other financial services to low income households, is often seen as the key innovation of the last 25 years in terms of means of reaching out to the poor and vulnerable. There is extensive experience in microfinanceprovision in both Asia and Latin America, but as yet relatively little use of the approach in China. In Section, this paper assesses different approaches to microfinance delivery using a simple threefold distincti…     

农村小额信贷发展策略研究

小额信贷作为一种有效的金融扶贫方式,在我国已有十几年的发展历史。然而,我国小额信贷的发展依然缓慢,不能弥补农村巨大的资金需求缺口。文章论述了小额信贷在资金来源、风险控制等方面存在的问题,并探讨了完善小额信贷的政策措施,即充分利用原有的农村正规金融机构,建立多层次的小额信贷载体,推进利率市场化改革,大力发展农业保险,尽量减少行政干预,在政策上予以支持,协调部门关系,为小额信贷创造宽松的环境。     

农村公益性小额信贷现状研究——基于贫困户需求视角的分析

文章基于对山东省嘉祥县3个乡镇(卧龙山镇、大张楼镇、马村镇)小额信贷情况的农户调查数据,从需求视角出发,分析得出小额信贷需求的影响因素和贫困农户需求不足的原因。发现以扶贫为设计初衷的农村小额信贷项目实际参与对象已从中、低收入贫困户转向进行非农生产性经营的中等偏上收入户和高收入农户,并且生产性小额信贷资金多被农户用于消费性支出。最后,文章尝试提出了一些公益性小额信贷的新思路和新模式。     

The impact of microfinance on poverty and income inequality in developing countries

Economic growth in developing countries provides an opportunity to accelerate progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, in reality, the number of people living in extreme poverty remains unacceptably high. Utilising the experiences of 34 developing countries for the period 2009 to 2016, the role of microfinance on poverty in these countries is examined. The results imply that the degree to which the existing forms of microfinance effectively reduce extreme poverty is less workable in developing countries, particularly when the hardcore poor are likely being deprived of receiving access to microfinance. It is suggested that governments may need to revise the structure and strategy of microfinance to be more hardcore poor oriented. The hardcore poor have needs beyond pure monetary assistance. More hand‐holding types of assistance are needed as most are also poor in respect of literacy, assets, and skills.     

小额贷款的业务效率与关联效应:解析鲁省邮政储蓄银行

以山东省为样本,采用随机前沿法测算地区邮储银行小额贷款业务的效率,并对收入水平、贷款额度对效率水平的影响进行实证分析后发现,小额贷款业务总体效率水平较高,而且县域地区支行效率高于城区支行;在其他因素相同的条件下,农民收入水平越低的地区,小额贷款业务效率越高;此外,单笔贷款额度的大小对小额贷款业务效率并没有显著影响。     

农村小额信贷可持续发展国际经验分析

文章以全新的视角,从国外可持续发展的农村小额信贷的典型模式,泰国农业和农村合作社银行、印尼人民银行农村信贷部和孟加拉乡村银行等三家银行经营业绩分析与农村小额信贷可持续发展国际经验分析三个方面,为农村小额信贷的实践和发展提供了思路。     

标准小额信贷：理论、问题与对策

标准小额信贷及其成功经验已被世界各国普遍接受。作为一种有效的扶贫模式，它能在一定程度上解决逆向选择问题、降低道德风险、防范违约风险并实现贷款的可持续发展。然而，标准小额信贷在实践中，还存在着最穷的人贷不到款、联保小组制度不合理、失信问题严童、贷款效率低下、配套服务不到位等问题。因此，如何保证信誉好、最穷的人贷到款，如何设计合理的联保小组制度，如何营造良好的信用环境，如何提高贷款效率及如何健全服务体系，实现小额信贷的可持续发展就成了解决问题的关键。     

新疆农村信用社小额信贷与农户收入增长实证分析

农村小额信贷的既有实践是否对增加新疆农户收入有贡献,这是关乎小额信贷如何在新疆农村深化发展的直接经验。本文基于在新疆典型地区实地调研获取的抽样数据,通过建立回归模型,分析得出新疆农村信用社开展的小额信贷与农户收入呈正相关关系,即新疆农村信用社开展的农户小额信用贷款有利于农户收入的增长,并提出新疆农村信用社应扩大农户小额信贷规模、深化农村信用社内控管理、协调与政府关系等方面的建议。     

微型金融资金配置绩效研究进展

微型金融作为一种金融发展服务形式有效创新,其追求实现社会扶贫和自身可持续发展双赢目标的特殊性,使得对微型金融资金配置绩效最新研究进行梳理具有一定现实意义。本文通过对MFIs绩效测量指标、资金结构、配置绩效状况、影响因素和有效途径进行梳理后认为：要提高微型金融资金配置绩效,就必须不断拓展MFIs融资渠道,推进金融服务基础设施建设,破除现有政策方面机制隐形障碍,在内外部共同努力下实现双赢目标。     

VULNERABILITY OF MICROFINANCE TO STRATEGIC DEFAULT AND COVARIATE SHOCKS: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

This paper investigates the repayment behavior of borrowers of a Pakistani microfinance institution (MFI) using a unique dataset of approximately 45,000 installment records over the period 1998–2007. In early 2005, the MFI introduced reforms that included improved enforcement of contingent renewal. The reforms led to a healthy situation with almost zero default rates. We hypothesize that strategic default under the joint liability mechanism was encouraged by weak enforcement of contingent renewal and was one of the factors responsible for the pre‐reform failure. To support this hypothesis, we show that before the reforms, a borrower's delay in installment repayment was correlated with other group members' repayment delays beyond the level explained by possible correlation of project failures due to locally covariate shocks. Such excessive correlation disappeared after the reforms, including the period after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The empirical evidence thus demonstrates the existence and seriousness of the strategic default under weak dynamic incentives.     

农村信用社农户小额信贷融资制度的效率：一个分析框架

在新制度经济学的分析框架内,重新构造制度效率评价的理论模型,提出农村信用社农户小额信贷制度效率的评价指标体系,并对该制度效率进行测评。结果表明,我国农户小额信贷制度的效率正在逐渐提高,但各地的差异较大,与经济发展水平无关;农户小额信贷制度效率仍存在较大的改进空间,改进的核心在于交易成本的降低和农业风险控制制度的建立和完善。     

信息不对称与巴基斯坦微型金融的发展

文章指出，信息不对称问题会严重阻碍微型金融的发展。信息越是对称，交易将越方便，市场将越发达，解决好因信息不对称导致的市场摩擦对微型金融的发展至关重要。文章重点分析因信息不对称对微型金融产生的影响，提出了完善法律机制和信息披露机制、扶持交易商发展、完善保险制度和减少政府干预等促进巴基斯坦微型金融发展的建议。     

科技型小微企业融资难及金融支持——基于微型金融的视角

从融资难的实质来看,我国科技型小微企业融资难的原因在于现行金融体系对科技型小微企业的天然排斥。微型金融适应科技型小微企业的融资需求,能够有效解决科技型小微企业融资难题。文章基于微型金融模式的运行,金融支持科技型小微企业发展需要构建微型金融市场、微型金融服务、微型金融政策三者相结合的微型金融体系。     

Banks,Microfinance Institutions and Economic Growth in the West African Economic and Monetary Union

Abstract: This paper aims to investigate the complementary relationship between commercial banks and microfinance institutions in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) as a means to sustain economic growth. Using panel data on seven countries from 1999 to 2005 with the Feasible Generalized Least Squares and the AR(1) disturbances, the study indicates that the banking and microfinance sectors are prone to operating individually, and that banks benefit from microfinance activities. A joint effort of both sectors in facing credit allocation appears to be very significant over the single action of microfinance institutions. The study, therefore, suggests a joint or complementary approach through savings management to face the challenge of the economic growth in the Union.     

Dropouts,Defaulters, and Continuing Borrowers: Client Exit from Microfinance

High dropout rates are a problem faced by many microfinance institutions, with borrowers exiting after a few loans. The curiosity of dropouts is that, unlike defaulters, they repay their loans. To understand this I investigate differences across borrowers using data from Zimbabwe. I find that negative shocks are a significant predictor of dropout, but not of default, and that social networks are the most important correlate of on‐time repayment. The results show the importance of social networks in determining credit relationships.