国际贸易自由化背景下贸易保护的新趋势及动因分析

在当前世界贸易越来越自由化的总体趋势下,贸易保护主义也在以新的形式滋生和发展,引起理论界广泛关注。根据考察了近年来国际贸易保护的新趋势,并在此基础上从一般和特殊两个角度对其成因进行了理论综述。     

货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

Effects of the Regional Trading Arrangements on Trade: Evidence from the NAFTA,ANZCER and ASEAN Countries, 1989 – 2000

Using the modified gravity model, this study examines whether the free trade areas of NAFTA, ANZCER and ASEAN would result in trade creation among the member countries and trade diversion with the non-member countries. Further, it applies Linder's income similarity concept to explain the trade patterns in the developed and developing countries within these free trade areas. First, the results suggest that the implementations of the free trade areas have facilitated higher trade among the member countries, particularly the ANZCER and ASEAN countries. However, among all three free trade areas, the formation of the ANZCER free trade area has resulted in trade diversion with non-member countries, whereas that of the ASEAN free trade area has resulted in a trade increase with non-member countries. Surprisingly, the formation of the NAFTA free trade area has no significant effect on trade with non-member countries as their trade flows remain quite low even before its implementation. Second, the result indicates that the trade-enhancing effect of income similarity is confirmed for the developing rather than developed member countries. The developing member countries with similar incomes would trade extensively more with each other. This result can be partly explained by Hanink's income threshold concept, which argues that the income similarity effect is only applicable to developed countries with very small difference in incomes. Given the heterogeneous country sample in this study, the substantial income differences among the developed member countries would probably account for the lack of income similarity effect in these countries.     

Education bias of trade liberalization and wage inequality in developing countries

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of increased trade on wage inequality in developing countries, and whether a higher human capital stock moderates this effect. We look at the skilled–unskilled wage differential. When better educated societies open up their economies, increased trade is likely to induce less inequality on impact because the supply of skills better matches demand. But greater international exposure also brings about technological diffusion, further raising skilled labour demand. This may raise wage inequality, in contrast to the initial egalitarian level effect of human capital. We attempt to measure these two opposing forces. We also employ a broad set of indicators to measure trade liberalization policies as well as general openness, which is an outcome, and not a policy variable. We further examine what type of education most reduces inequality. Our findings suggest that countries with a higher level of initial human capital do well on the inequality front, but human capital which accrues through the trade liberalization channel has inegalitarian effects. Our results also have implications for the speed at which trade policies are liberalized, the implication being that better educated nations should liberalize faster.     

自由贸易是经济发展的必要选择吗？——基于历史视角的富国发展之路

通过分析当今几个最主要发达国家在它们各自发展阶段所采用的贸易保护方式的历史,来质疑当今发达国家鼓吹贸易自由化能有效促进发展中国家经济增长的观点,得出结论：发达国家的成功并不是建立在学术理论和经济政策上所倡导的贸易自由化,而是基于幼稚产业保护的技术性竞赛;发展是个复杂的过程,贸易自由化不应该在缺乏实证检验下被高度概括为适应所有经济体成功的条件;发达国家不应该限制发展中国家自由使用它们在发展阶段曾经使用过的贸易政策,而应该尊重它们的选择。     

贸易自由化与环境保护的关系:世界贸易组织(WTO)的角色与作用

自上世纪70年代以来,环境问题在贸易谈判中占有越来越重要的地位。随着国际贸易的发展及其带来的环境恶化问题,经济自由化与环境保护的关系更加紧密。世界贸易组织(WTO)作为唯一的国际性贸易管理机构,成为环保与贸易发展问题专家关注的焦点。WTO在对待环保问题上采取一系列积极的措施:WTO的导言特别强调可持续发展的重要性;同时,WTO中设立了贸易与环境委员会(CTE)。尽管如此,WTO在贸易自由化与环境保护问题中应该扮演何种角色仍然受到人们的关注。自由主义学者认为作为贸易管理组织的WTO在环保的问题上过于激进;而环保专家则认为WTO在环保方面过于保守。本文分析了WTO在贸易自由化与环保问题中的作用,从而得出结论:WTO必须做出相应的调整,才能使贸易自由化与环境保护互惠互利,达到双赢的目的。     

Trade preferences and political equilibrium associated with trade liberalization

This paper, motivated by the so-called North–South problem in trade, analyzes ex ante trade preferences and the source of potential political conflicts regarding trade liberalization. Developing a dynamic extension of the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin model with imperfect labor mobility and tracking overall dynamic paths from the autarky to free-trade steady states, we demonstrate that in the presence of inter-sectoral migration barrier, bilateral free-trade agreements can be welcomed (opposed) by the majority of workers in a capital-abundant (labor-abundant) country, which is inconsistent with the welfare prediction by Stolper and Samuelson. This paper also proposes a numerical algorithm to solve for the entire transition path of the model under rational expectation. Our simulation experiments further reveal that preannounced and delayed implementation can facilitate a bilateral free-trade agreement by partially neutralizing short-run transitional gains and losses so as to persuade the losers to support the reform without affecting the beneficiaries’ trade preferences.     

中国零关税机制的现状与发展

随着世界贸易自由化进程的发展,关税减让,尤其是零关税协议成为世界各国关注的焦点.中国加入世贸组织后,利用五年的时间已基本实现了其"入世"承诺;非但如此,中国还与某些贸易伙伴签订了零关税协议,进一步降低了其平均关税水平.目前,中国的零关税机制仍处于发展初期,产生了一定的贸易创造效应,但中国仍需更合理、更策略和更有效地发展零关税机制,从而在全球经济一体化和贸易自由化的进程中获取更大的经济利益.     

贸易自由化对工资差距的影响及作用机制--基于中国制造业企业的实证研究

本文利用世界银行的中国企业调查数据分析贸易自由化对工资差距的影响,结果表明贸易自由化显著提升企业内工资差距。企业进口投入品的行为使其内部普通员工的最高与最低工资之比提高约50％,总经理与中层经理的工资比提高约30％,中层经理与普通员工的工资比提高约12％－20％。进一步分析表明,自由贸易使企业对高技能劳动力的需求更大,更倾向于采用绩效工资、进行研发投资、提供员工培训和使用计算机,这些因素均导致工资差距的上升。     

我国视听服务市场准入的法律问题

我国对视听服务的管理实行严格的市场准入制度。但是我国面临着进一步扩大市场准入的巨大压力。尽管WTO新一轮视听服务贸易自由化谈判停滞不前,不过数字技术的迅猛发展将在一定程度上使得视听服务贸易自由化成为现实。     

人口红利、贸易自由化与经济增长关系的实证研究

本文运用计量经济学模型分析了我国人口红利、贸易自由化及经济增长之间的相互作用机制,结果表明它们互为因果关系,其中人口红利的劳动力数量结构效应与经济增长之间存在U型关系,人口红利的劳资匹配效应及贸易自由化对经济增长的效应一直表现为正向促进。同时,研究还发现：劳动力数量结构效应是贸易自由化的格兰杰原因,即人口红利能够促进对外贸易水平进而推动经济增长;贸易自由化对经济增长的促进作用会随着贸易自由化水平的提高而有所减缓。     

中美双边投资:在波动中寻求共识与机遇

作为当今世界两个最大的经济体,中美双边投资关系到整个世界经济的繁荣和稳定。本文以新时期为背景,研究了中美双边投资的历史走势、短期挑战和长期机遇,并对投资的行业分布和模式进行了分析。中美双边投资长期以来保持了较快的增长态势,但是近年来美国对华战略与政策出现了重大调整,导致中国对美投资呈跳跃性下降趋势,美国对中国投资则未出现明显下降,持续保持了较高水平的增长。长期来看,中美两国在经贸投资领域具有较强的互补性,通过强化磋商、构建共赢机制,双边投资仍具有较好的机遇和前景。本文据此提出了应对短期风险、促进中美投资长期健康发展的政策建议。     

俄罗斯加入WTO对中俄经贸的影响与对策

俄罗斯即将加入WTO,届时两国经贸环境与格局将发生新的变化,它使得两国政府管理贸易行为更为规范;两国的国际贸易成本将大大节省;两国的贸易环境也更加透明。当然,两国面临的国际竞争压力也会增大。为此,我们要真正从思想上提高认识;强化走出去的战略;明确对俄贸易的主攻方向;坚持着眼长远原则,树立全新的形象,抓住中俄贸易的战略性发展的新契机。     

当前我国植物油籽贸易的特征、发展趋势与对策

当前石油资源日趋枯竭,柴油供需缺口巨大,寻找和开发新的柴油替代能源势在必行。作为生物柴油开发的优质原料,大豆、油菜等植物油籽的国际工业化需求将会大幅上升,国内外油籽价格倒挂的现象将得到改善,我国植物油籽贸易也将出现新的局面。结合贸易自由化的背景,首先分析了目前我国植物油籽贸易的总量特征、产品结构特征及国别特征;其次分别对大豆、油菜籽、花生、芝麻、葵花籽等重点植物油籽产品的贸易特征及未来发展趋势做出了判断;最后针对当前我国植物油籽贸易中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策。     

转轨经济中的金融自由化:次序与路径选择

发展中国家在推进金融市场化改革进程中,引发了大规模的通货失控,信用紧缩及资本外流问题.经验告诉我们,金融服务贸易市场开放的“次序”至关重要.根据我国初始经济条件、国际国内政治环境和经济形势、政府能力和政府的社会信任度,我国金融开放应做出适合自己的次序安排和路径选择.     

Credit constraints, equity market liberalizations and international trade

This paper provides evidence that credit constraints are an important determinant of international trade flows. I exploit shocks to the availability of external finance and examine the impact of equity market liberalizations on the export behavior of 91 countries in the 1980-1997 period. I show that liberalizations increase exports disproportionately more in financially vulnerable sectors that require more outside finance or employ fewer collateralizable assets. This result is not driven by cross-country differences in factor endowments and is independent of simultaneous trade policy reforms. Moreover, it obtains with equal strength in the full panel of countries as well as in both panel and event-study analyses of countries which removed capital controls during the sample period. Finally, the effects of liberalizations are more pronounced in economies with initially less active stock markets, indicating that foreign equity flows may substitute for an underdeveloped domestic financial system. Similarly, opening equity markets has a greater impact in the presence of higher trade costs caused by restrictive trade policies.