Foreign Ownership and Performance: Evidence from Italian Firms

This paper studies the impact of foreign ownership on a firm’s economic performance. We use a unique panel data set to test the foreign ownership premium by comparing our sample of firms based in Italy and owned by a foreign subject to a sample of purely domestic firms that, in order to have a proper counterfactual, were selected using propensity score matching. Our difference-in-differences results show the existence of a premium for the size, profitability, and financial soundness of the foreign-owned companies. The premium increases with time, is concentrated in the service sector, and disappears if the foreign investor is based in a fiscal haven.     

日本产业海外转移趋势及对我国区域经济发展的启示

选取产业海外转移较为严重的日本为研究对象,考察了日本产业海外转移状况、日本产业海外转移趋势及产业海外转移对日本国内经济的影响,并据此分析了日本产业空心化现象的原因,以期为我国区域经济发展提供参考和启示。     

绿色区位导向性政策与外商直接投资:来自国家生态工业示范园区的证据

本文利用199个地级及以上城市2005—2014年的数据,采用渐进双重差分方法实证检验了创建国家生态工业示范园区对外商直接投资的影响。研究结果表明:国家生态工业示范园区的设立对外商直接投资的各项指标均具有显著且稳健的负向影响,该效应的大小在城市行政等级、城市经济地位和城市所在区域等层面存在差异;国家生态工业示范园区的创建显著提高了城市的环境规制水平,导致了外商直接投资的跨城市转移;国家生态工业示范园区的创建还提高了城市科研投入和绿色创新水平,表明这一绿色区位导向性政策在吸引高技术清洁型外商直接投资方面具有较大潜力。     

韩国引进外商直接投资政策的变迁及其对我国的启示

韩国引进外商直接投资政策经历了从消极到积极的转变。本文系统介绍了韩国外商直接投资政策的变化及其成效,分析了韩国外商直接投资的结构及其机构,总结了韩国吸引外商直接投资对我国吸引外商直接投资的启示。     

外国直接投资对我国城镇贫困的影响——基于1985-2005年家户调查数据的协整分析

外国直接投资(FDI)一般能够促进东道国的经济增长,但对于收入分配以致对于贫困的影响却是不确定的。本文运用协整理论和自向量回归模型实证研究了外国直接投资与我国城镇贫困之间的关系。结果表明,外国直接投资显著地提高了贫困人口在总人口中的收入份额,因此会产生有利于穷人的经济增长,具有积极的减贫效果。但是外国直接投资同时也加重了贫困人口内部收入的不平等。     

Foreign Direct Investment and mark-up dynamics: Evidence from Spanish firms

A review of the literature indicates that Foreign Direct Investment has the potential to increase the intensity of competition and to act as a channel for technology transfers. Using a Spanish firm level data set, we disentangle these effects by estimating a dynamic model of firm level performance, which we proxy by mark-ups. We find that FDI has a positive long-run effect on the mark-ups of targets, but this is limited to firms in R&D intensive sectors. In addition, we find weak evidence that foreign presence dampens margins. However, this effect appears to be more than compensated by positive spillovers in the case of knowledge intensive industries.     

国外研究与开发(R&D)之溢出效果:基于我国1985-2005年的经验研究

在开放经济系统中,一国技术进步不仅取决于自身的研究与开发投入,也取决于国外的研究与开发投入。本文利用协整分析和误差修正模型,对国外研发对我国技术进步的影响效果进行了经验分析。结果表明,基于贸易渠道和外国直接投资渠道的溢出效应均对我国的技术进步起促进作用,并且贸易渠道的正向溢出效果与外国直接投资相比在逐渐加强。在此基础上提出了更好地吸收利用国外研发溢出效果的几点建议。     

专业服务业外国直接投资的全球发展格局研究及启示

专业服务业是新兴服务业中最具代表性的行业,也是目前国际市场上最活跃的分子之一。其发展的时间虽然不长,然而发展速度与程度都非常值得关注和研究。本文在分析相关数据资料的基础上,探讨专业服务业外国直接投资全球发展格局的主要特点,并针对专业服务业的发展特点与关键因素,提出对我国企业发展的启示。     

The complex integration strategies of multinationals and cross country dependencies in the structure of foreign direct investment

The behavior of many multinational enterprises is not well described by existing models of foreign direct investment (FDI). Firms often follow strategies that involve vertical integration in some countries and horizontal integration in others, a strategy known as complex integration. This paper presents a three-country model that is used to analyze why firms might follow a strategy of complex integration. My analysis reveals that complex integration strategies create complementarities between potential host countries that have important implications for the structure of FDI. The analysis also shows that falling transport cost between countries may increase the importance of complex integration strategies.     

The Internationalization of Capital in a Small and Vulnerable Economy

Summary

Since the early 1980s, Ecuador has increasingly adopted a pro-free trade posture and has removed most restrictions on its capital account. Foreign capital, however, has not penetrated key sectors of the economy as the privatization drive has stalled and financial markets have remained weak. The combination of open capital accounts and meager foreign capital inflows has not proven particularly beneficial to Ecuador. Specifically, some aspects of the internationalization of capital such as offshore banking have created significant limitations for the conduct of monetary and exchange rate policy and have added to the vulnerability of the country in the face of economic crises. These negative externalities of cross-border short-term capital movements are not balanced by inflows of long-term foreign capital.     

外商直接投资我国食品产业的决定因素分析——基于面板数据的实证考察

本文采用计量经济模型,对外商直接投资中国食品产业的潜在决定因素进行了实证考察。结果表明,市场规模、企业平均规模、市场发育程度、附加值率、产业集聚程度和产业政策是外商直接投资中国食品产业的重要决定因素,劳动力成本可能并不是当前外商直接投资中国食品产业的重要决定因素,或者这一优势正在弱化。在此基础上,结合中国的实际情况,我们给出了简要的结论和政策涵义。     

开发区与中国区域经济增长

本文运用2000-2006年52个国家级经济技术开发区的面板数据,考察了开发区对区域经济增长的贡献。实证结果显示,开发区对区域经济增长具有显著作用,这不仅表现在开发区较强的技术外溢效应,还表现在开发区比非开发区具有较高的生产率。统计和实证结果还显示,东部开发区的贡献和作用最大,其次是中部开发区,最后是西部开发区。此外,地理位置对城市产出也具有重要影响。因此,东部开发区应充分利用好区位优势,加大招商引资力度;中西部开发区则应享受更多优惠政策。     

外商直接投资对我国的工资效应分析——基于1997-2006年面板数据的实证研究

本文利用我国28个省1997-2006年的面板数据实证检验FDI对我国整体以及东部、中部、西部三大区域的工资差距效应和工资溢出效应,结论表明FDI增加了我国内外资部门之间的工资差距,对内资部门的工资溢出效应不显著。分区域来看,FDI显著增加了我国东部和中部地区内外资部门之间的工资差距,但对于西部地区的工资差距不具有显著影响;FDI对东部地区内资部门的工资水平具有正向溢出效应,对中部地区内资部门的工资水平溢出效应为负,对西部地区内资部门的工资溢出效应不明显。     

From structural to transition effects: Institutional dynamism as a deterrent to long-term investments by MNEs

The effect of institutional change on foreign direct investment is often conceptualized through the lens of an improving or deteriorating level of institutional quality that alters transaction costs. However, in the context of comprehensive government intervention in the past decades, this perspective ignores the potential uncertainties and costs associated with the process of institutional change. We propose that institutional change causes structural changes in transaction costs as well as accompanying transition effects due to uncertainty and learning costs. The extent of such transition effects is linked to the process characteristics of institutional change, e.g., institutional dynamism. In this paper, we examine the effects of institutional dynamism on foreign direct investment in long-term capital commitments and hypothesize a negative relationship between institutional dynamism and FDI, and a moderating effect of institutional dynamism on the relationship between institutional quality and FDI. Using investment data by US MNEs aggregated on the host country level, we find support for our hypotheses with some qualifications. We derive implications for the middle-income trap discussion as well as the ongoing fast-paced transition towards a sustainable global economy that is bound to shift attention from differences in the level of institutional quality towards differences in transition processes.     

欧盟在华直接投资对中国与欧盟贸易的影响

本文运用面板数据的方法,研究了欧盟在华直接投资对中国与欧盟贸易的影响,结论表明,欧盟在华直接投资促进了中国对欧盟各成员国的进出口贸易,但影响较小,影响中、欧贸易的主要因素是中国和欧盟各成员国的经济实力(GDP)。这表明欧盟在华投资企业的市场战略主要是针对中国广阔的国内市场的。文章最后部分对如何促进欧盟对华直接投资和扩大中、欧贸易提出了建议。     

Entries and Exits in Foreign Markets: Italian Firms' Multinational Expansion in the European Union

This paper focuses on the expansion strategies in foreign markets of a sample of Italian firms during the period 1987-93. The data reveal strong dynamics in entry and exit strategies and an overall increase in Italian firms' foreign manufacturing activities. Firms seem to be restructuring and reorganising their range of activities in view of the new competitive scenario promoted by the completion of the Single European Market. A logit model investigating the determinants of entry in foreign markets is tested at the firm level. The results suggest that firms' specific resources, target industry and foreign country characteristics are important explanatory variables. Some new insights concerning the export substitution effect, the presence of technological sourcing and the multinational/ diversification dichotomy are also discussed.     

Multinational Firms’ Motivations and Foreign Direct Investment Decisions: An Analysis of the Software and IT and Financial Services Sectors in the Irish Context

This article focuses on the way greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) in different sectors is influenced by locational characteristics and explores the role of policy in attracting and retaining foreign investment. We contribute to the literature by empirically investigating the investment motivations of multinational companies in the software and information technology (IT) and financial services sectors in Ireland and those locational factors that contribute to the retention of FDI. The methodology used in this research is of a qualitative nature, and an exploratory deductive approach is adopted in order to gain an understanding of firms’ internationalization decisions and motivations. The data demonstrate that companies in the two sectors follow different investment motivations. Firms in the software and IT sector entered Ireland primarily because of the availability of a high‐quality workforce, whereas firms in the financial services sector entered Ireland following the deregulation of markets and the subsequent ease of doing business. The article builds on these findings to develop policy recommendations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

论我国外商直接投资的技术溢出效应——基于各地区19个制造业行业的经验分析

利用我国2001年与2002年制造业19个行业的截面数据对外商直接投资的技术溢出效应进行了分析,考察外商直接投资的技术溢出效应。似不相关估计结果表明,整体而言,外商投资是促进技术进步,具有“鲁棒性”的影响因素,同时,对于国内企业或西部地区而言,外商投资具有显著的地区正效应与显著的行业负效应。     

SMEs and CSR Theory: Evidence and Implications from an Italian Perspective

This paper reviews the development of socially responsible investment (SRI) in the Spanish financial market. The year, 1997 saw the appearance in Spain of the first SRI mutual fund, but it was not until late 1999, that major Spanish fund managers offered SRI mutual funds on the retail market. The development of SRI in the Spanish financial market has not experienced the high levels of development seen in other European countries, such as France or Italy, where interest in SRI began during the same period. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of SRI mutual funds managed by Spanish fund managers comparing the evolution of managed assets and number of investors. We also analyse the investment strategies adopted by these funds, which mainly use negative screening criteria and the participation of non-governmental organisations as institutional investors. An analysis of the take up of socially responsible investment in the Spanish financial market shows majors deficits in this process. This is due to Spanish investors having limited sensitivity to social issues and knowledge of SRI, and a lack of development of SRI investment strategies, such as engagement or shareholder activism by fund managers. Furthermore, the take-up of SRI mutual funds in the Spanish financial market coincided with a fall in the stock market at the beginning of the 21st Century. We conclude with an analysis of the relationship between SRI and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Josep M. Lozano is currently Professor in the Department of Social Sciences at ESADE, Universidad Ramon Llul-URL and Director of the school’s Institute for the Individual, Corporations and Society (IPES). Co-founder of ética, Economía y Dirección (Spanish branch of the European Business Ethics Network), member of the international Editorial Board of ‚Ethical Perspectives’ and member of the Business Ethics inter-faculty group of the Community of European Management Schools (CEMS). He has been a highly-commended runner-up in the European division of the Beyond Grey Pinstripes Faculty Pioneer Award. Author of Ethics and Organizations. Understanding Business Ethics as a Learning Process. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000.Laura Albareda is a Researcher at the Institute for the Individual, Corporations and Society (IPES), ESADE, Universidad Ramon Llull-URL. She is manager of the Observatory on Ethical, Ecological and Social Investment funds in Spain, an annual IPES publication on Socially Responsible Investment in Spain. Fields of research and academic interest are Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics, Global Governance, Governments and Public Policies on CSR and Socially Responsible Investment.M. Rosario Balaguer is a Lecturer in the Department of Finance and Accounting at Universitat Jaume I. Research areas focus on finance-based analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility and Socially Responsible Investment, covering issues such as profitability, risk and performance. She has taken part in several national and international conferences and published a number of articles in this field.     

日韩对我国直接投资企业的出口倾向及效应的比较分析

日本和韩国是我国利用外资的重要来源国,由于两国企业在华投资动机和投资行业有所不同,其出口倾向性有着一定的差异,并对我国的出口规模和出口市场结构产生了不同影响。实证分析表明,日本与韩国在华投资企业出口倾向都较高,日资企业出口以返销本国为主,韩资企业产品主要出口美国市场,外资企业的高出口倾向是我国出口规模快速扩大的重要原因,并由此产生了出口的转移效应。