Real exchange rate shocks and new product margins in the export market

This study examines the impact of industry real exchange rate (RER) shocks on plant and product exports using a comprehensive dataset for South Korea from 1990 to 1996. We find that RER changes have heterogeneous effects on real exports of existing exporters in terms of their productivity, and the positive RER depreciation effect on exports is more pronounced for less productive plants. At a product level, we find new evidence that a weak home currency prompts exporters to introduce new products to the export market, especially more remarkable for low-productivity plants. In contrast, a strong home currency leads to product exit with less significance.     

波士顿法的理论探讨

波士顿法用市场销售增长率和市场占有率表示企业产品的市场吸引力和产品实力,以鉴别其市场竞争地位和竞争力,从而为产品的选择和优化提供决策依据。文章认为,要正确评价产品与优化产品组合,波士顿法应当采用“一定时期企业产品在目标市场的平均销量增长率”和“一定时期企业产品在目标市场的平均占有率”这两个指标来分别反映企业产品的市场吸引力和企业产品的实力;同时以目标市场全部企业对应指标的平均值为标准来划分象限,分类产品,显示产品在目标市场竞争结构下相对竞争力的大小;还要注重动态原则、资源与经营范围匹配原则以及产品盈利与风险匹配原则等。     

Environmental performance and plant closure

This study uses a sample of plant closings as the testing stage to examine the financial consequences of variant environmental performance records and stakeholder pressure levels. It compares 117 manufacturing facilities closing down between 1998 and 2000 to 351 facilities surviving through this period, along four measures of environmental performance. It shows that in the ten years prior to closure, closing facilities reduce their toxics emissions relatively more and incur somewhat stronger community and regulatory pressures than surviving ones. The results persist through alternative versions of the model and suggest that the environmental performance of closing facilities is at least as good as that of surviving ones. The mix of environmental practices of closing facilities differs from that of surviving ones with the former engaging in significantly less recycling of waste than the latter. Closing facilities focus more on end-of-pipe measures while surviving ones engage in more pro-active strategies, consistent with evidence in the literature of a positive relation between pro-active environmental practices and performance. Stakeholder pressures, in some cases (e.g., in pollution intensive industries), may be associated with unrecoverable costs to facilities, including closure, depending on the environmental management choices of the facilities.     

On tariff changes and firm-production evolution: insights from Turkish manufacturing

We contribute to the yet limited evidence on the relationship between trade liberalisation and a firm's product mix and diversification strategies for an emerging economy, Turkey. Lower import barriers foster firms’ specialisation in their core products. A drop in import tariffs, indeed, enhances a firm's propensity to drop fringe varieties and favours production growth of core products. More importantly, it favours firms’ specialisation in more sophisticated goods. Export tariff cuts, instead, by relaxing competitive pressure at home and lowering the cost to export, only reduce the firms’ incentive to innovate.     

新冠肺炎疫情下中俄深化农产品贸易合作路径探析

近年来,中俄农产品贸易在中俄合作中的重要性不断提升。尤其是新冠疫情爆发后,随着两国民众对农产品的需求变化,中俄农产品贸易不论是数量还是质量都得到显著的提高,成为新冠疫情下中俄双边经贸合作的新亮点。2020年前三季度,两国农产品贸易额大增,中国在保持俄罗斯农产品第一大出口国的同时,中国自俄进口农产品也大幅攀升。探讨新冠疫情下中俄农产品贸易现状,聚焦两国农产品贸易发展的制约性因素,提出有利中俄农产品贸易转型升级的有效路径,将为后疫情下的中俄农业合作提供新的启示。     

中国电力产业效率和生产率变动的实证研究

本文采用中国电力产业1996-2003年间省际的面板数据,用DEA和Malmquist生产率指数方法考察了中国电力产业在市场化改革期间的效率和生产率变动,研究结果发现:各省电力企业纯技术效率相差较小,其效率差别主要表现在规模效率上的差别;电力产业存在规模经济性,企业的规模与规模效率具有显著的正相关关系,规模无效率的企业实际规模过小;在考察期间中国电力产业的全要素生产率以年均2.1%的速度增长,这主要得益于技术进步,而效率总体上并没有提高,表现为X无效率。这表明我国电力产业的市场化改革并未提高企业的效率。     

Evidence Supporting the Importance of Brands in Marketing Computer Products

ABSTRACT

For convenience store (c-store) management to be truly customer-focused, they must listen to their customers and provide the products that meet customers' needs. This study investigates one aspect of c-store customer satisfaction, the product mix. The purpose of this paper is to investigate c-store customers' perceptions of product offerings to expand the c-store's product mix and in turn increase customer satisfaction. Fourteen products were examined. Of the fourteen, three were rated very likely to be purchased: postal services, home style meals, and a salad bar. Differences in preference were found between gender and marital status. Men and single customers had higher purchase intentions for the home style meals than women and married customers. Suggestions for future research are provided.     

The causes of product deletion in British manufacturing companies∗

Increasing technological and market changes present companies with business opportunities which demand that firms match their capabilities to these changes. In short, the greater the change in the firm's environment, the greater the need to develop the product mix in consonance with the environment. This need for the development and redevelopment of the product mix—which is the essence of product policy—has resulted in a continual interest on the part of both academics and practitioners in innovation and new product development (NPD) (Rothwell et al. 1974, Gardiner and Rothwell 1985, Cooper 1979, 1984, Johne and Snelson 1987, Parkinson 1980). Yet to equate product mix change with product proliferation leads to an incomplete understanding of product policy which eclipses the crucial tasks of identifying and withdrawing products which no longer contribute to the company's goals. This article addresses the latter issue by discussing the way in which products like these come under the scrutiny of management and it explores the various triggers of product deletion.     

A cross-cultural analysis of price responses to environmental changes

In planning the marketing mix for a product, managers implicitly respond to changes in both their internal and external environments. This paper studies managers' judgments of how they would respond to changes in their own product costs asnd competitor's prices. A manager could react to these by focusing on new products, new markets, or the marketing mix for the current product market. We concentrate on the third. We focus on a set of potential reactions that could include a change in price. Data from managers in both the United States and Europe are used to study pricing reactions to hypothetical scenarios of environmental changes. We estimate relationships between the managerial response and changes in the environment for different types of businesses in different countries.     

Don't rest on your laurels: Reputational change and young technology-based ventures

We combine resource-based theory and social cognition theory to investigate the factors both limiting and related to between-period reputational change of young firms in a dynamic technology-based industry. An analysis of computer graphics chipmakers during the period 1992–2003 provides evidence that operational signals are related to reputational change. Specifically, receiving a product award in the current period is associated with positive change and gaps in product announcements are associated with negative change. We find little support for our hypothesis that the reputations of older firms are less likely to change.     

Survival of the best fit: Exposure to low-wage countries and the (uneven) growth of U.S. manufacturing plants

This paper examines the role of international trade in the reallocation of U.S. manufacturing within and across industries from 1977 to 1997. Motivated by the factor proportions framework, we introduce a new measure of industry exposure to international trade that focuses on where imports originate rather than on their overall level. We find that plant survival and growth are negatively associated with industry exposure to low-wage country imports. Within industries, we show that manufacturing activity is disproportionately reallocated towards capital-intensive plants. Finally, we provide the first evidence that firms adjust their product mix in response to trade pressures. Plants are more likely to switch industries when exposure to low-wage countries is high.     

The impact of market similarity on international marketing strategies: The automobile industry in Western Europe

The formulation of an optimal marketing mix is quite complex when that mix must be effective across multiple international markets. At the crux of the problem is whether markets are similar to each other or interdependent and how this influences marketing mix decisions. Examining the marketing mixes of more than 30 automobile companies competing in the five major markets in Western Europe, it was found that easily changed marketing mix elements, such as prices and advertising, reflect market similarity, interdependence, and product‐market conditions, although not always in the expected ways. The least flexible element, the number of models offered, does not appear to reflect any of these types of conditions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

中日农产品贸易与贸易摩擦分析

中、日建交以来,双边贸易关系越来越密切。但随着两国农产品贸易交流与合作的不断发展,其贸易摩擦也与日俱增,这影响了中日贸易的健康发展。本文从分析中国对日农产品出口贸易的贸易规模、产品结构等入手,得出对日农产品贸易的特点。然后,通过介绍两个重点贸易摩擦事件,分析其原因。     

An Empirical Test for Mediation Effect of Educational Institute's Image on Relationship between Marketing Elements and Parents' Loyalty: Evidence from India

The article presents the results of a study that assesses effects of selected marketing tactics on parents' loyalty towards the educational institutions. The results of Multiple Regression Analysis show that the price mix was the most significant factor having impact on parents' loyalty followed by people mix, place mix, product mix, and promotion mix. Furthermore, educational institution image mediates completely (full mediation) the relationship between selected marketing tactics (product mix, people mix, place mix, promotion mix) and parents' loyalty. Whereas, educational institution image mediates partially (partial mediation) the relationship between price mix and parents' loyalty. The sample comprised 687 respondents.     

我国农产品产业内贸易现状分析

本文利用HS分类方法将农产品分成24大类,分别计算了每类农产品和总体农产品从1996-2005年的G-L产业内贸易指数、Brülhart边际产业内贸易指数、Thom&McDowell边际产业内贸易指数,发现我国农产品的整体产业内贸易水平比较低,Brülhart指数显示我国农产品10年来贸易的增量主要来自于产业间贸易,Thom&McDowell指数表明我国农产品产业内贸易的增量主要是由垂直型产业内贸易带来的。     

竞争损害了发电侧的规模经济吗?——基于中国火力发电厂的实证检验

运用火电厂的面板数据和超越对数成本模型,对2003—2010年间中国火力发电厂的成本结构进行实证研究,分析发电侧的规模经济与火力发电厂的有效规模。结果发现:当前中国大多数发电厂普遍存在规模经济,但是发电厂的规模经济随着电厂规模的增加显著下降,同时发电厂的最小有效规模在逐年下降。因此,进一步强化发电侧的竞争,抑制大型发电企业盲目追求规模扩张的投资冲动,将有利于发电业的规模经济,促进发电业生产效率的提升。     

中欧贸易与我国GDP增长的相关性分析

采用计量研究的方法,利用1996年到2003年我国与欧盟贸易额和同期我国GDP增长的样本,描绘两者的运行轨迹和变化趋势,并计算和分析两者的相关性。实证结果表明,两者之间存在一定的正相关性。本文对此做出了相应的解释,并对进一步扩大中欧双边贸易提出建议。     

Intermediary Products: FDI Strategies,Imports, Exports,and Trade Balances in Developed Economies

Has the relationship between the dominant investment motives of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and national trade balances, imports, and exports changed over time? A 1996 study hypothesized and found that the MNE market versus resource seeking investment motives in developed countries (DCs) resulted in different aggregate impacts on national trade balances, imports, and exports. In this study, we ask whether the increased use of intermediary products, a major change in the way MNEs conduct business, affect the previously found patterns. Because firm‐level data on intermediary products is not widely available across countries, we indirectly test their impact, hypothesizing that the rise in use of intermediary products has changed MNE investment motives in DCs, resulting in stronger relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and imports/exports in high‐FDI DCs but weaker links between FDI and national trade balances. Implications and future research directions are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

世界水果贸易比较优势与产业内贸易研究

本文运用显示性比较优势指数和产业内贸易指数对近年来世界范围内的水果粉、糖制水果、干制水果、新鲜水果、水果汁和加工水果的比较优势和产业内贸易状况进行了深入研究,并以中法两国之间的加工水果贸易为例,试图为进一步提升我国在世界水果市场的地位和竞争力提供理论依据。     

Are Unbundled and Self‐supplied Telecommunications Switching Substitutes? An Empirical Study

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires incumbent monopoly phone companies to lease elements of their networks to rivals. An important policy question is whether these unbundled elements are substitutes for entry modes that are more facilities‐based. In this article, we estimate demand curves for unbundled elements with the goal of assessing cross‐price effects between two of the more popular entry modes that differ in the mix of unbundled and self‐supplied inputs. As expected, we find downward sloping demand curves for unbundled elements. We also find own‐price elasticities in the elastic region of demand. What we do not find is evidence of substitution; we are able to reject the hypothesis of effective substitution between the two entry modes.