Export-led growth: a survey of the empirical literature and some non-causality results. Part 1

The economic development and growth literature contains extensive discussions on relationships between exports and economic growth. One debate centres on whether countries should promote the export sector to obtain economic growth. An abundant empirical literature on this export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis has followed. We aim to contribute to this literature in two ways. In this paper, part 1, we provide a comprehensive survey of more than 150 export-growth applied papers. We describe the changes that have occurred, over the last two decades, in the methodologies used empirically to examine for relationships between exports and economic growth, and we provide information on the current findings.The last decade has seen an abundance of time series studies that focus on examining for causality via exclusions restrictions tests, impulse response function analysis and forecast error variance decompositions. Our second contribution is to examine some of these time series methods. We show, in part 2, that ELG results based on standard causality techniques are not typically robust to specification or method. We do this by reconsidering two export-led growth applications – Oxley’s (1993) study for Portugal, and Henriques and Sadorsky’s (1996) analysis for Canada. Our results suggest that extreme care should be exercised when interpreting much of the applied research on the ELG hypothesis.     

The political market for immigration restrictions: Model and test

This paper addresses the important question of whether public investment spending on economic infrastructure enhances economic growth in Mexico. It estimates a Cobb-Douglas production function that includes public infrastructure capital. Using cointegration analysis, the paper estimates a vector error correction model (VECM) for the 1995?–?99 period. The results suggest that there is a long-term stable relationship among the variables included in the VECM. The evidence also indicates that both public infrastructure spending and private capital formation have a positive and highly significant effect on the rate of output growth. Finally, the impulse response functions (IRF) and the variance decompositions (VDC) of the endogenous variables in the VECM suggest that the response of private capital to public infrastructure is positive while the reverse causation is not affirmed. From a policy standpoint, the findings call into question stabilization policies that disproportionately reduce public infrastructure to meet targeted reductions in the fiscal deficit (JEL, O1, O47, O54).     

资本投资、国际贸易与中国经济增长的动态研究

采用时间序列分析方法,研究了1985-2003年中国固定资产投资、进出口与经济增长之间的动态关系。研究结果表明,GDP与投资和进出口之间不存在协整关系,即变量之间并不存在稳定的长期均衡关系。脉冲—响应函数分析以及方差分解分析表明,出口和投资在短期内对GDP增长具有重要的正面影响,而进口在短期内对产出会产生负面影响,但经过一定时期后,进口的正面作用逐渐显现。这些研究结果与新古典模型关于资本深化以及内生增长理论关于进口的论断是一致的。     

The role of exports in India's economic growth

We analyze the role of exports in India's economic growth and examine whether the export-led growth hypothesis (ELGH) applies to India. Our causality analysis provides support for the validity of the ELGH for India in the trade liberalization phase. Error variance decomposition and other analyses are also undertaken; these corroborate the results of the causality analysis and suggest that the rapid growth of exports has played a substantial role in increasing the growth rate in India following the economic reforms of 1991.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation

Abstract

This paper investigates the long-run impact of foreign direct investment and trade openness on economic growth in Ghana (1970–2011) within the framework of the endogenous growth literature. Adopting the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration the results suggest that the interaction of foreign direct investment and exports has been crucial in fostering growth, thus validating the famous Bhagwati hypothesis. From a policy oriented point of view, the study recommends the channeling of foreign direct investment to export-oriented sectors and the promotion of export-led growth strategies in long-term development plans.     

From the Editor

This article empirically verifies the export-led growth hypothesis for Bangladesh and examines whether manufacturing exports have become a new engine of the export-led growth in Bangladesh, replacing the total exports-engine, as claimed by the so called de novo hypothesis. The empirical assessment based on the vector error correction modeling (VECM) that uses quarterly data over the period 1974–1999 suggests that both total exports and manufacturing exports have had positive and statistically significant impacts both in the long run and the short run. But an encompassing test in conjunction with the various non-nested tests suggests that total exports, as opposed to manufacturing exports in isolation, is the dominant engine of the export-led growth. This refutes the claim that manufacturing exports has become the sole determinant of the export-led growth in Bangladesh.     

新疆地区出口贸易对经济增长的影响分析

文章应用协整分析的方法,研究了新疆1952～2005 年国内生产总值与出口贸易总额这两个重要经济指标之间的关系,进而揭示出口贸易与经济增长之间的相互作用.研究表明在所选取的样本区间内这两列时间序列均为非平稳的,并且都是单位根过程,随后验证了它们之间存在唯一协整关系.最后,论文给出了上述两个重要经济指标的协整方程以及误差修正模型(ECM),在此基础上分析了新疆出口贸易增长对国内生产总值增长的影响,并提出对策建议.     

Does Real Exchange Rate Volatility Affect Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence from Four Developed Economies

This study examines the impact of shocks to exchange rate uncertainty (volatility) on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The analysis is conducted using vector autoregressive models that contain the price level, real output, the real exchange rate, the volatility of the real exchange rate, the interest rate, and FDI. The results from variance decompositions yield public policy implications. In Canada, Japan, and the United States, innovations to exchange rate uncertainty explain significant portions of the forecast error variance in FDI at longer time horizons. The impulse response functions indicate that, to the extent that shocks to exchange rate volatility have an impact on FDI, the impact is positive and takes place with a lag.     

基于VAR模型的江苏省投资、消费与经济增长实证分析

本文利用江苏省1980年到2007年经济数据,在VAR模型的基础上,运用协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应分析和方差分解的方法对江苏省的投资、消费与经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析。结果发现,投资、消费和经济增长之间具有长期均衡关系,江苏省地区生产总值的增长与投资和消费都具有双向因果关系,消费对经济增长的贡献度比投资更大。因此,通过提高居民收入水平,才能刺激消费,促进江苏经济健康发展。     

The Dynamic Links Between Exports,Foreign Direct Investment,and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Transition Economies

ABSTRACT

By applying time series and panel data cointegration analysis, this study investigates the causal relations between exports, inward FDI and GDP for fifteen European transition economies over the period 1995–2014. This study goes beyond previous empirical works by using two auxiliary variables in the aforementioned nexus: domestic investment and government spending. Empirical findings suggest that though the effect of openness is beneficial to all economies of the region, the presence of export-led growth and FDI-led growth hypotheses are validated mainly for the group of economies that entered the European Union in 2004. Conversely, for the remaining economies, the results confirm the prevalence of a culture for saving over spending, which eventually provokes the beneficial expansion of their local investment and export capacity.     

中国现代服务业发展与服务贸易国际竞争力提升协同性研究——基于VAR模型及脉冲响应函数的动态实证分析

基于VAR模型和脉冲响应函数,利用1982~2009年的时间序列数据研究现代服务业与服务贸易国际竞争力之间的动态关系。Granger因果检验以及脉冲响应结果表明:现代服务业各因素与服务贸易进出口之间存在长期稳定的协整关系;现代服务业和服务贸易进口间存在较显著的相互推动作用,而现代服务业与服务贸易出口间相互推动作用不明显。最后,提出促进我国现代服务业发展,提升服务贸易国际竞争力的相应政策建议。     

中国能源消费因果关系分析

基于协整、误差修正模型与方差分解,分析我国1953年以来的能源消费与经济增长、能源价格、产业结构之间的Granger因果关系。实证结果表明:经济增长不是引起能源消费变化的原因,这可能是由于我国存在着严重的能源浪费造成的;而能源消费是引起经济增长的原因,这验证了我国过去50年高投资、高消耗的粗放式经济增长模式,近几年我国能源消费弹性系数的变化再次反映了这一问题。能源消费与能源价格不存在任何方向的因果关系,方差分解结果再次肯定了能源价格的相对外生性,这预示着政府若要增强能源价格对于能源消费的影响作用,必须放开对能源价格的管制,让市场主导能源价格的形成。产业结构是引起能源消费变化的重要原因,因此从产业结构方面入手调控能源消费将是非常有效的。     

On exports and economic growth: the case of Italy

The export-led growth hypothesis for the Italian economy (1960-98) is tested through a VAR model with four macroeconomic variables: an index of the GDP of the rest of the world; the Italian real exchange rate; Italian real exports; and the Italian real GDP. Our results provide clear empirical support for the hypothesis. They also suggest that the Kaldorian approach is very useful in analysing short-run as well as long-run growth and fluctuations of an open economy such as Italy.     

Time-series evidence for Balassa’s export-led growth hypothesis

This paper investigates Balassa’s export-led growth hypothesis for Greece, Ireland, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey by constructing a vector autoregression (VAR) model. On the basis of the Granger non-causality procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995), the results show that export and output are causally related in the long run for Ireland, Mexico and Portugal. Our findings cannot offer support for the causality link between export and output for Greece and Turkey. Granger-causality is uni-directional, running from export growth to economic growth in Ireland and Mexico, and running from economic growth to export growth in Portugal.     

1980～2008外贸对四川经济增长的拉动

对外贸易和经济增长的关系问题历来是经济学的一个重要课题。运用计量法分析四川省1980~2008年的相关数据,并采用平稳性检验、协整检验、误差修正模型、Granger因果检验等手段进行检验,结果表明,四川省进、出口贸易和经济增长之间存在长期稳定关系;进、出口贸易增长分别对四川经济增长有正向拉动作用,相比之下,出口对经济增长的拉动比进口要大。     

我国改革开放以来对外贸易与经济增长关系的实证分析

改革开放20多年以来,我国经济取得了举世瞩目的成就,对外贸易得以飞速发展。本文采用ADF检验、协整检验、向量误差修正模型、Granger因果检验、方差分解和脉冲响应函数等一系列现代经济计量学方法,研究我国改革开放以来对外贸易与经济增长之间的长期动态均衡关系及信息传导机制。结果表明:进出口与经济增长之间存在着长期均衡关系,但从短期来看,均衡关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度较慢。进出口与经济增长之间存在着单向的Granger因果关系。进口和出口对经济增长都具有拉动作用,但拉动作用在长期和短期的表现有所不同。     

外国直接投资与我国经济增长:基于VAR模型的动态效应分析

本文分析了外国直接投资影响我国经济增长的6种效应,利用协整检验与格兰杰非因果性检验重新检验了各种效应与外国直接投资的长期关系与因果关系,并利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法对外国直接投资的时滞效应进行了较为完整的细致分析。结果显示:首先,外国直接投资可以通过资本积累、出口促进、投资拉动、技术溢出、产业结构优化和制度变迁6种具体效应来促进我国的经济增长;其次,外国直接投资对各种不同具体效应的时滞期各不相同。     

扩大内需与中国制造业出口结构优化:基于“母市场效应”理论的研究

中国过往低价竞争的畸形出口遇到了阻碍,因而应扩大内需,但中国经济的增长还应是内外并举的,内需拉动增长和出口拉动增长并不矛盾,出口拉动经济增长的政策并未过时,中国的就业等压力也不允许出口大幅被替代,我们要的是在内需的扩大中寻找中国制造业出口的新优势,同时优化出口结构,而不是排挤或替代出口。本文利用"母市场效应"理论,通过对中国制造业各部门对外贸易"母市场效应"存在性的检验,从理论上和实证上证明了扩大内需政策会导致中国制造业出口结构优化。     

Trade (exports) as an opportunity for Bangladesh: A VECM analysis

ABSTRACT

This article examines the effects of trade (exports) on the economic growth of Bangladesh from 1986 to 2016, using the application of a Johansen cointegration and vector error correction model. The empirical findings exhibit that trade (exports) has a unique long-run equilibrium relationship with the economic growth of Bangladesh. The short-run results also display a robust causality between variables. This study suggests that exports play a major role in the growth of Bangladesh. Policymakers should promote the export of goods and services, especially manufactured goods, in the long term, in order to possibly reduce the trade deficit and rapidly stimulate the growth of Bangladesh.     

我国服务贸易自由化与经济增长的关系研究——基于脉冲响应函数方法的分析

本文运用基于VAR模型的脉冲响应函数法与方差分解法,考察了我国1982-2004年期间服务贸易进出口与我国经济发展的长期动态影响特征。冲击响应的分析结果表明:一方面,服务贸易进出口是影响我国经济增长的重要原因:另一方面,经济增长对于经济发展也存在反向作用,然而后者具有一定的滞后效应。方差分解结果显示,服务贸易自由化是解释经济增长的预测方差的重要变量,但经济增长对于服务贸易自由化的预测方差贡献度相对较小,经济增长对服务贸易的促进作用机制仍需要进一步完善。