最优经济增长的地方财政支出结构优化研究

为了探讨最优财政支出构成比例,本文将不同产出弹性的生产性财政支出项目内生于生产函数中,构建了基于最优经济增长的财政支出结构模型.按照功能将预算内全部财政支出进行分类汇总后,利用1997 - 2010年的省级面板数据检验了全国、东部、中部、西部财政投入的现状,实证结果发现经济建设类支出对经济增长的拉动作用最大,公共服务类支出次之,社会性支出最小,最后提出了财政支出项目未来调整的几点建议.     

The ‘amelioration’ of child labor, ‘a modest proposal’

More than 317 million children between the age of 5 and 17 are working in the world. Child labor is a persistent phenomenon, even though its incidence has subsided with economic development. In this paper, we conduct a panel study of 101 countries from 1980 to 2004 where child labor is proxied by the labor force participation of children aged 10–14. We look at the relationships between child labor and investments in human capital, foreign direct investments, countries’ openness to trade, and credit market constraints. We depart from the contributions of cross-country studies by employing a fixed effects instrumental variable (FE-IV) panel data model by employing a fixed effects instrumental variable (FE-IV) panel data model to account for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of child labor and individual country-specific effects. We find support for the conclusions of the above-mentioned studies: countries that trade more and have a higher stock of foreign direct investment have less child labor. More generally, we find that trade openness, investments in human capital, and financial development are associated with a reduction of child labor. Child labor persists but tailored policies on trade, investment, and financial reform can lessen child labor along with economic growth, improvements in health, and rising standards of living.     

Service industries,growth dynamics and financial constraints

This work represents a first attempt to study the effects of financial constraints on firm growth within the business services as it can be argued that firms are different not only in terms of size but also in the way they operate in a specific industry. Thus, firms can be either characterized by the use of intensive professional knowledge or, alternatively, by the use of a workforce with no specific professional skills. For the business services included, the results reveal the relative importance of internal sources of financing with respect to the external ones. The liquidity constraints mainly affect the growth of industries requiring qualified labor pool, such as computer programming and information service activities, as well as the professional and scientific ones. In these sectors, foremost operate small firms with a superior innovation capacity; therefore, they are considered risky and face difficulties in raising debt capital on favorable terms.     

Firm Growth and Liquidity Constraints: A Dynamic Analysis

Using a large unbalanced panel data set of Portuguese manufacturing firms surviving over the period from 1990 to 2001, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether liquidity constraints faced by business firms affect firm growth. We use a GMM-system to estimate a dynamic panel data model of firm growth that incorporates cash flow as a measure of liquidity constraints and persistence of growth. The model is estimated for all size classes, including micro firms. Our findings reveal that smaller and younger firms have higher growth-cash flow sensitivities than larger and more mature firms. This is consistent with the suggestion that financial constraints on firm growth may be relatively more severe for small and young firms. Nevertheless, the same finding can be interpreted in a different way if we consider the more recent literature which interpret the higher investment/cash flow sensitivity of younger and smaller firm in absence of financial market imperfection as the outcome of these firms reaction to the fact that realisation of their cash flows reveals them the direction to go in presence of uncertainty of their growth prospect. Besides, firms that were small and young at the beginning of the sample period exhibited more persistent growth than those that were large and old. Finally, these results have significant policy implications.      

中小企业商业信用需求与供给影响因素分析——以江苏省制造业为例

中小企业商业信用融资问题,特别是中小企业商业信用需求与供给的影响因素问题是当前理论界和实际企业管理工作者关注的一个热点问题。中小企业很难从银行中获得经营所需要的资金,商业信用便成为中小企业外源融资中另一个重要途径。中小企业在获得商业信用的同时还要对外提供商业信用。商业信用需求和供给的影响因素很多,本文利用中小板上市公司中2007-2012年江苏省制造业公司的数据信息,探寻影响商业信用需求和供给的因素。研究发现,商业信用需求和供给的影响因素不相同,影响的方向及程度都有很大差异。通过进一步分析发现商业信用需求和供给之间也存在显著的关系。     

Book reviews

Many commentators suggest that market and competitive dynamics threaten the very survival of small shops in the UK. In light of this, the research presented here reports the findings of a major study that investigates the relationship between market orientation and performance in small UK retailers through an empirical analysis of survey data. Findings indicate that market orientation and performance are positively related and, moreover that, the customer strategy focus of small retailers is the key determinant of success compared with other components of market orientation and environmental influences. The implications for practitioners and policy makers are considered, particularly the importance of market-oriented culture in formulating and implementing customer-led strategies which distinguish successful small retailers from those that struggle to survive.     

Book reviews section

In this study, we introduce the notion of a brand cult in an effort to better understand the extreme devotion consumers have toward certain brands. We use historical images plus interviews and observations with current Macintosh computer users to explore the cultic quasi‐religious aspects of this consumption. We find several key sustaining myths, including a creation myth, a messianic myth, a satanic myth, and a resurrection myth. The accompanying video offers an account of what it means when a brand becomes a religion to its true believers.     

重庆市产业结构对经济增长的影响——基于面板模型分析

利用重庆市各区县1999-2010年的经济数据,从个体及时间两方面,分析重庆市产业结构对经济增长的整体影响,从而解释产业结构带动经济的增长方式,进而对产业结构布局提出一些建议:集中资金技术、人力发展第二产业;同时加大发展第三产业。     

金融发展对农民收入增长的影响——来自中国面板数据的再检视

中国金融发展对农民收入增长的影响目前尚未形成定论。利用1978—2006年的省级面板数据,以银行贷款总额占同期GDP的比重作为衡量金融发展水平的指标,检验中国金融发展对农民收入增长的影响,结果显示金融发展对农民收入增长具有显著的正向影响,但金融中介的低效率阻碍了金融发展对农民收入促进作用的进一步提升。因此,要更好地发挥金融对农民收入增长的促进作用,形成从农业信贷资金到农业投资的高效转化的有效监控机制,就不能脱离其他一系列农村改革措施。     

Trade Credit in Small and Medium Size Firms: An Application of the System Estimator With Panel Data

Financing through suppliers is a subject that has been little studied in the economic literature in general and in corporate finance in particular. Although several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the different reasons behind this phenomenon, trade credit is not based on a general theory. This study provides empirical evidence about factors determining the use of trade credit for a sample of small and medium size firms, which are potentially the firms that would follow this financing route, since they are more rationed in credit markets. Using a panel of Canary-Island firms from 1990 to 1996, and by means of specifications with the system estimator, results reveal that trade credit leads to a reduction in asymmetric information between firms and their financial backers, as well as in transaction costs. Furthermore, we confirm the theory that companies with easier access to institutional finance act as a credit channel for those with greater difficulties to obtain external funds.     

社会保障财政支出与经济增长的关系研究——基于2003—2007年中国省级面板数据的实证分析

财政政策是政府在宏观上调整经济运行的主要政策工具,对确保市场经济的正常运行和国家职能的履行起着重要作用,财政支出与经济增长的关系一直是国内外学者关注的热点。本文通过构建中国省级面板数据(panel da-ta)模型,对2003—2007年社会保障财政支出与经济增长的关系进行了实证分析,结果显示:地区社会保障财政支出与经济增长呈正相关。     

人力资本结构对区域经济增长影响的实证分析——基于新疆面板数据

研究经济增长中人力资本作用机制,不仅要考虑数量因素,还应该考虑结构因素。可引入企业家人力资本与技能型人力资本概念,构建人力资本结构模型。利用2000年～2009年新疆15个地州市面板数据,对新疆人力资本结构对区域经济增长的影响进行实证分析。结果表明,从人力资本结构角度分析,人力资本对新疆区域经济增长的影响比较大,仅从人力资本总量角度分析,将低估了人力资本对新疆区域经济增长的影响;在人力资本结构中,企业家人力资本对新疆区域经济增长的影响和对地区人力资本总体水平的提升作用都大于技能型人力资本。     

‘Credit Constraints and Determinants of the Cost of Capital in Vietnamese Manufacturing’

This paper examines the extent to which borrowing constraints restrict firm access to credit and identifies individual, firm, and loan characteristics, which determine the cost of capital in Vietnamese manufacturing. Using direct information from a Vietnamese enterprise survey the paper shows that between 14 and 25% of the enterprises are credit constrained, and these enterprises would increase their debt holdings by between 40 and 115% if borrowing constraints were relaxed. Moreover, it emerges that informal credit markets play an important role for fast growing firms. Enterprises do not appear to have the necessary time to go through the many administrative difficulties in the formal credit system if they want to “seize the day”. Finally, collateralized loans face larger interest rates, explained by the significant influence of “policy lending” in Vietnamese credit markets.     

异质性合作社内源型资本供给约束的实证分析——基于浙江临海丰翼合作社的典型案例

基于合作程度的分析视角,通过对异质性合作社——浙江临海丰翼合作社所面临的内源型资本供给约束的典型案例分析,发现维系和保障合作社普通社员初始资本供给和持续资本供给的条件具有差异性,并探讨了阻碍合作社内源型持续资本供给和影响不同类型社员之间深化合作的原因。在此基础上,进一步把合作社内源型资本供给约束划分为相对刚性约束和柔性约束,并针对这两种约束提出了解决合作社内源型资本供给约束的措施。     

中国金融发展与经济效率的实证分析:1978~2002

本文采用中国27个省、直辖市和自治区1978 ~2002年的年度面板数据,运用混合回归的计量方法,对中国金融系统促进经济增长的作用渠道进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,中国的金融系统对经济增长的促进作用是通过投资总量途径而不是效率途径来实现的,对经济增长的推动付出了经济效率上的代价。为此,必须转变金融发展路径,加快金融变革,实现经济与金融的二元均衡。     

Remittances,investment and growth in sub-Saharan Africa

Several studies have examined the impact of remittances on economic growth, yet the results remain largely inconclusive. I present an analysis of the relationship between remittances and per capita growth, and investigate whether the impact of remittances on growth is through capital accumulation or other mechanisms. Using data for sub-Saharan African countries and dynamic empirical models, I find that there is a positive relationship between remittances and growth, as well as a positive interaction effect between remittances and financial depth on growth. The findings also reveal threshold values for two main indicators of financial development, above which the total effect of remittances on growth is positive. The results further provide evidence for the existence of an investment channel through which remittances affect growth, and indirect evidence that remittances contribute towards a stable macroeconomic environment, and hence, growth, through a consumption smoothing effect.     

入境旅游发展与经济增长的非线性关系——基于门限面板数据模型的实证研究

文章应用门限面板数据模型,采用1997-2007年我国31个省、市、自治区的数据对我国经济增长与入境旅游业发展之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明入境旅游发展与经济增长之间存在门限效应,即入境旅游收入占GDP的百分比低于2.36%时,入境旅游业的发展对地区经济增长的促进作用并不显著;当该比例高于2.36%时,入境旅游业的发展对地区经济增长有显著促进作用。同时,研究结果表明处于两种状态下的地区其经济增长均不具有条件收敛性,入境旅游发展缩小区域差异的作用没有得到验证。     

我国地区经济差异与城市化水平关系的实证分析

对改革开放以来地区经济发展水平的差异以及建国以来全国及各省区的城市化的发展进程进行了描述,利用格兰杰因果关系检验,研究我国不同经济发展阶段中城市化水平与经济增长的因果关系, 并采用国际上流行的Panel data方法从多个角度对城市化与地区经济增长的关系进行了分析研究。结论是:城市化水平的提高对于落后地区经济增长的促进作用要高于经济发达地区。     

FDI、对外贸易与经济增长的关系——基于Granger检验及西部面板数据（1998-2005）的研究

伴随全球一体化进程加快和我国经济的发展,经济增长、对外贸易与FDI的关系日益密切。本文通过Granger因果关系检验分析了我国经济增长、对外贸易和FDI的因果关系,并通过对中国西部10省1998～2005年面板数据分析,对三者的关系进行了进一步探讨。     

Effect of the Number of Banking Relationships on Credit Availability: Evidence from Panel Data of Spanish Small Firms

This paper investigates how the choice between single or multiple banking relationships affects credit availability for a complete panel of small and medium-sized Spanish firms. The results seem to indicate the existence of rationing, since a substitution relation has been found between trade and bank credit. We also analyse the relationship between the level of indebtedness and the interest rate for each group of firms. The results show that those SMEs that work with fewer financial intermediaries obtain fewer funds for the same increase in the interest rate, which indicates that these companies have more financial restraints.