Entrepreneurship in transitional economy

This paper explores the relationship among socio-political culture and the economic environment. It places the entrepreneur at the forefront of the Transitional Economy and identifies the entrepreneur as a catalyst for change and progress. Within wider world changes, this discussion and interrogation of entrepreneurial development in the Transitional Economy provides new knowledge from the perspective of both the authors and the perceptions of 638 respondents who contributed to the research. The concluding model makes explicit that the constructs Freedom and History serve as moderators for entrepreneurial development in the Transitional Economy and suggests that the strength of an individual is created by societal construct. The progress of entrepreneurs is enhanced where there is political and economic freedom to operate, informed by historical knowledge.     

循环经济下的会计控制

循环经济的出现,给企业生产带来了一场革命,也对会计工作提出了新的挑战。本文阐述了循环经济与会计控制的关系,提出了循环经济对会计控制的新要求,阐述了循环经济模式下会计控制内容的扩展以及为适应循环经济的挑战,会计控制应采取的对策。     

知识经济时代的到来对会计的影响

伴随着信息技术的不断革命和商务全球化的浪潮 ,知识经济时代正在逐步向我们走来 ,以传统经济为对象的传统会计核算体制和会计管理体系必将受到极大的挑战     

Contract enforcement in the early transition of an unstable economy

How were contracts among firms enforced in the early phase of a transition economy when firms lacked experience with commercial contracts or legal procedures? What were their views of their new business environment? We interviewed a sample of Bulgarian firms, including private, state-owned and cooperative firms in 1994. Consistent with Williamson's [Williamson, O., 1994. Institutions of economic development and reform. In: Bruno, M., Pleskovic, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 171–197] theories, complex contracts were quite limited, sometimes implying the breakdown of important markets, but we also found that even spot-market contracts had severe problems of bilateral dependency. Having been “burned” in previous transactions, firms were very cautious in dealing with new potential trading partners and tried to work closely with trustworthy counterparts. These results are consistent with Klein et al. [Klein, B., Crawford, R., Alchian, A., 1978. Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process. J. Law Econ. 21, 297–326] theory.     

Fiscal performance and elections in the context of a transition economy

It is widely accepted that, in democratic societies, incumbent governments may use various means, such as discretionary spending, to increase their chances of re-election. In the context of potential budget constraints (e.g., large debt), the incumbent might consider alternative means. Tax collection performance could be one such means that is prone to incumbents’ electoral manipulation, particularly in transition countries with a weak institutional framework. Investigating Albania, we show that fiscal performance, measured by monthly tax revenues, is poor before elections, especially in elections that result in political change. Before all elections, we observe a reduction in tax collection ranging from 3.2 percentage points in the twelve months before elections to 4.0 percentage points in the six months before elections. This implies a drop of more than half in fiscal performance compared with its long-term “natural” or average rate. Moreover, the deterioration in performance is considerably larger, by two- to threefold, before “change elections” (i.e. elections that result in a change of the governing party). After these elections, fiscal performance improves. The key to reducing deterioration in fiscal performance associated with elections is to establish rules and institutional oversight (independent or bipartisan) that reduce the discretion of tax authorities.     

Price-wage dynamics in a transition economy: The case of Poland

In this paper we analyse the wage-price relationship of an economy in transition characterized by important structural changes. It is known (see Perron, 1989) that structural breaks in stationary time series can induce apparent unit roots. The stationarity analysis of the series employed in the present model is conducted jointly with the assumption that the breakpoint location is unknown. We follow a testing procedure recently proposed by Zivot and Andrews (1992). Cointegration analysis of wages and prices in the presence of structural breaks finds empirical evidence in favour of two cointegrating vectors involving prices and wages. Our analysis focuses on the different structural behaviour of the price-wage dynamic relationship in the short and long term; we also demonstrate the relative importance of import prices as a source of wage-price fluctuations.     

Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: an application of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students

This study examines entrepreneurial intent in Romanian students using the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 20:1–63, 1987). Using multiple regression analyses to test for mediation, we analyzed survey data from 324 Romanian students. Some of our findings were consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior, while others were not. As expected, we found that self-efficacy and the desirabilities associated with creating a venture were positively related to entrepreneurial intent. However, surprisingly, we found that the more supportive the students’ referents were, the less likely the students were to have intentions of starting a business.     

The role of interest rates during the transition to a market economy

We construct a simple two period model of an economy in transition from being centrally planned to being market oriented. Using this model, we draw certain positive conclusions about economic policies that reduce distortions during the transition period. In particular, we focus on the role of interest rates, a market parameter that has previously been almost entirely ignored in planned economies. Using stylized data derived from Czechoslovakia, we show that increase in nominal interest rates can actually be welfare-improving by partially compensating for the distortions induced by the transition process.The model is sufficiently general to be applied to a number of transition economies, and we use the cases of Czechoslovakia, the USSR, and China as examples of some of the phenomena that we are trying to explain. We show that the model generates a constrained, suboptimal equilibrium. In particular, we see that raising interest rates during the transition period reduces repressed savings, brought about by shortages in the controlled market. An improvement in consumer utility can therefore be brought about.A large part of the work in this paper was carried out while I was a Visiting Scholar in the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund. I would like to thank Mario Blejer, Nadeem Ul-Haque, and Sweder Van Wijnbergen for helpful comments. The views expressed here do not necessarily represent the opinions of the International Monetary Fund.     

Key factors influencing HRM practices of overseas subsidiaries in China's transition economy

In seventy items measuring fourteen constructs of human resource management practices in 286 Chinese foreign subsidiaries headquartered in the United States, Japan and Germany, significant differences are related to financial control from the foreign parent, organizational form (joint venture, wholly owned foreign subsidiary or representative office) and time since entry into the Chinese market. The differences appear to be governed more by the push from parent-firm economic considerations and venture structure and the pull from specific Chinese HRM conditions than by the push related to home country of parent or factors associated with industry type. In addition, a fair number of HRM practices appear unaffected by any of these factors, and these may be more universal in form.     

Mind the break! Accounting for changing patterns of growth during transition

We argue that econometric analyses of post-communist countries are vulnerable to structural breaks across time and/or countries. We demonstrate this by identifying structural breaks in growth regressions estimated for 25 countries over 18 years. The method we use allows identification of structural breaks at a priori unknown points in space or time. The only prior assumption is that breaks occur in relation to progress in implementing market-oriented reforms. We find that the pattern of growth in transition has changed at least three times, yielding four different models of growth. The speed with which individual countries progress through these stages differs considerably.     

The size of the firm in a transitional economy: Downsizing and economies of scale: The case of Russian footwear

Did Russian reforms alter the privileged position enjoyed in Soviet times by large firms? This paper considers the size of firms in one industry (footwear) during the years 1992–2000 and its relation to productivity. Soviet footwear firms were much larger than their foreign counterparts. With the transition to a market-based economy these large firms might lose their advantage relative to smaller firms. This study finds that while firms in each size category in this industry did substantially downsize, this process did not significantly affect relative productivities. It does not appear that larger firms created in Soviet times were relatively disadvantaged.     

Chains, holes, and links: Organisation of activities in supplier relationships in the Russian transition economy

In the context of the transition to market economy as a way to accommodate new ways of managing supply, the paper analyses the chain of activities performed in four supplier relationships in the wood-processing industry in Russia. In contrast to what might be expected, the chains of activities in the cases demonstrate different orders of activities, implying that firms tend to organise their chains differently, depending on the character of the relationship. Moreover, the four cases also indicate that activities usually performed by the supplier in Western market economies are still carried out by the customer in Russia. It also seems that the interfaces in the chains are seldom characterised by mutually adapted activities and that the few mutual adaptations observed are to be found at the customer level. Consequently, the activity link between the supplier and the customer tends to be weak; payment and quality control are the only activities that have been adapted to the relationship as such. The paper concludes with a discussion of three strategies for supply management in transition economies.     

Financial Social Accounting Matrix: a useful tool for understanding the macro-financial linkages of an economy

This article extends the traditional methodology of social accounting by building a Financial Social Accounting Matrix (FSAM) and a corresponding Satellite Asset–Liability Matrix for Spain. In so doing, the difficulties that typically arise in consolidating data from the National Bureau of Statistics (INE) and the Bank of Spain (BdE) were overcome. This is the first FSAM for the Spanish economy and might provide new tools to deepen the analysis of the financial sector and of the determinants of financial vulnerability associated with interactions with other sectors of the economy. As a novel contribution to the literature, this paper incorporated a structural path analysis grounded in the FSAM multiplier to identify the principal paths through which financial shocks are transmitted.     

哈尔滨市房地产业在国民经济中的作用

哈尔滨市房地产业在国民经济中起着承栽体的基本作用,同时在国民经济活动中起着联结生产与生活、影响公共和个人消费倾向、促进产业结构优化调整,有助于城市经济结构优化、提高城市集聚效益、提高劳动生产率、优化消费结构、调整社会关系产生的重要作用.     

Developing a multiple-criteria decision analysis for green economy transition: a Canadian case study

ABSTRACT

Identifying planning strategies for the transition to a green economy is a formidable challenge. We proposed a novel multiple-criteria decision analysis model which can quantitatively identify the socio-economic and environmental impacts of various government and public policies. We applied the model to four practical scenarios in Canada for determining the optimal final demand that maximizes the country's GDP and employment while minimizing GHG emissions for small, short-term changes. As a result, the model suggested potential ways to simultaneously achieve a GDP growth of 2.5 billion CAD and creation of over 25,000 new jobs, and a saving of 2514 kt CO₂. As per the final demand, the electrification of domestic heating and transport should be more promoted. The proposed analysis tool will provide decision-makers with the ability to explore the design and effects of policy reforms, regulatory changes, and targeted public expenditure strategies, thereby overcoming barriers towards a green economy.     

Large-scale transitional procurement change in the aerospace industry

The importance of a socialised perspective when involved in a change programme is demonstrated through an empirical study of large-scale purchasing transition in an aerospace company. Alternative change management frameworks are employed to assist in the sense making of intended actions and realised outcomes to re-configure purchasing activities. Sequential stepwise frameworks are critiqued showing the context-driven political and social factors that impinged on the implementation of a planned change strategy. The findings illustrate the complexity of change, and conclude by highlighting the importance of synthesising shifting contexts with action.     

The transition from central planning to a market economy: A computable general equilibrium model

This paper develops a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the transition from a central planned economy to a market economy. The model is an extension of Wellisz and Findlay's (1986) model of the Soviet second economy. By distinguishing alternative assumptions about the disposition of the government budget, two model variants — the activist and non-activist — are analyzed. Equilibria of these model variants are computed for various parameter specifications of the Kantorovich ray, which represents the stringency of central planners' direction of the economy. The paper shows that increasing efficiency of the private sector, while it reduces the size of government subsidies to the state sector, does not necessarily increase the net government budget.     

当今会计行业中的会计科目与会计账户

本文作者通过多年的实际工作经验,分析了当今会计学中的会计科目与会计账户,并结合自己的心得分析了二者的不同点和相同点,相应的介绍了各自的具体内容。